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Elastic modulus (stiffness) of D. gigas beaks and comparison with values for fully dried chitosan nanofibers and hydrated chitosan scaffolds. Note that the stiffness values of the tanned (highly cross-linked) tip and hydrated untanned (nonsclerotized) tip fall between the moduli for dry chitin/chitosan and hydrated chitin/chitosan materials. Data are from Refs. 20, 38–40.
