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. 2011 Jan 27;21(2):140–149. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00430.x

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Methylene blue (MB) rescues early learning and memory deficits in 3xTg‐AD mice. (A) Chemical structure of Methylene Blue. (B) Schematic of the treatment paradigm. Six‐month‐old 3xTg‐AD (n = 17) and NonTg (n = 13) mice were treated with MB (0.025% w/w) supplemented diet provided ad libitum for 16 weeks. Additionally, age‐ and sex‐matched 3xTg‐AD (n = 14) and NonTg (n = 10) mice were given the control diet. Mice were evaluated in the spatial reference version of the Morris water maze during weeks 8 and 16. (C) All groups improved over 5 days of training. However, escape latency was significantly reduced in the MB‐treated 3xTg‐AD mice compared with the 3xTg‐AD mice on the control diet (P < 0.05). (D–F) Reference memory, measured 24 h after the last training trial, was significantly improved in the MB‐treated 3xTg‐AD mice compared with 3xTg‐AD mice on the control diet. Notably, MB‐treated 3xTg‐AD mice performed as well as both NonTg groups. Data are presented as means ± standard error of the mean and were analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance following by post hoc Bonferroni test to determine individual differences in groups. *indicates P < 0.05.