Fig. 1.

a In rodents, the BD unites with the PD after traversing posteriorly to the duodenum and pancreas. The three figures represent: left – BD ligation alone, green arrow; middle – PD ligation alone, black arrow; right – combined BD and PD ligation (BPD). b The scatter plot shows 100% mortality within 4 days (median = 2.5 days) in the PD ligation group, while sham controls (S) and BD ligation controls had no mortality during 15 days of observation. The combined BD and PD ligation group had 90% mortality at 5 days (median = 4 days) that was not different from the PD ligation group. * p < 0.05: significance for mortality versus control groups (Gehan-Wilcoxon test, n = 10 mice/group).