TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the male subjects studied
| Control subjects* | Diabetic patients |
Comparison among the three diabetic groups |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDR | NPDR | PDR | P | ||
| Age (years) | 57.7 ± 1.7 | 61.9 ± 1.8 | 61.8 ± 1.8 | 61.2 ± 1.0 | NS |
| n | 40 | 37 | 92 | 72 | |
| Type 1 diabetes (n) | NA | 0 | 16 | 7 | NA |
| Type 2 diabetes (n) | NA | 37 | 76 | 65 | NA |
| Diabetes duration (years) | NA | 14.3 ± 0.9 | 14.0 ± 0.6 | 13.9 ± 0.7 | NS |
| n | 37 | 92 | 50 | ||
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 86.6 ± 3.2 | 156.9 ± 16.1† | 177.7 ± 14.4† | 165.6 ± 24.0† | NS |
| n | 7 | 26 | 39 | 23 | |
| Hb1Ac (%) | — | 8.3 ± 0.5 | 9.8 ± 0.6 | 9.2 ± 1.4 | NS |
| n | 14 | 19 | 5 | ||
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | — | 194.8 ± 10.6 | 195.3 ± 9.8 | 235.3 ± 11.2 | ‡<0.05 |
| n | 23 | 35 | 20 | ||
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | — | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 0.90 ± 0.03 | 0.84 ± 0.03 | NS |
| n | 37 | 92 | 52 | ||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 120.6 ± 1.3 | 127.5 ± 3.3 | 126.6 ± 3.3 | 134.3 ± 4.1† | ‡<0.05 |
| n | 40 | 25 | 36 | 29 | |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78.2 ± 0.7 | 74.4 ± 1.7 | 76.0 ± 2.1 | 79.0 ± 2.0 | ‡<0.05 |
| n | 40 | 25 | 36 | 29 | |
| Prolactin (ng/ml) | 16.3 ± 1.7 | 34.1 ± 3.6 | 32.8 ± 4.9 | 26.7 ± 2.7 | §<0.005; ‖<0.05 |
| n | 40 | 37 | 92 | 72 | |
Data are means ± SEM or n. Diabetic patients were without diabetic retinopathy (NDR); with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
*Volunteers with no diabetes-related disorders.
†vs. control subjects P < 0.001.
‡NDR = NPDR < PDR.
§Control subject < NDR.
‖NDR = NPDR > PDR. BP, blood pressure; NA, not applicable. NS, P > 0.05; —, not determined.