Fig. 4.

Betaine reverses hepatic insulin resistance induced by mHF. Activation of insulin signal proteins in the livers of SF, mHF, and mHFB were determined by Western blotting. Protein isolation, immunoprecipitation (IP), and Western blot were done as described in methods. IB, immunoblot. A: activation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) (p-tyrIRS1 vs. IRS1), PKB/Akt (p-ser308 PKB/Akt vs. PKB/Akt), GSK3α (p-ser GSK3 α vs. GSK3α) and FoxO1α (p-serFoxO1α vs. FoxO1α) were measured by Western blotting with specific antibodies. β-Actin was used for loading control. B: activation of AMPK (p-ser AMPK vs. AMPK) and inactivation of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) (p-ser ACC vs. ACC) were measured by Western blotting. C: density of the bands were measured and ratio of phosphorylated to total was calculated and normalized with SF (*P < 0.05).