Functional analysis of ligand binding residues. (A) WT KefC retains K+ when inhibited by GSH (red), leaks K+ in the absence of GSH (blue broken), and, when activated by NEM (added at arrow), mediates rapid K+ efflux (black). Functional analysis of the mutant Q412A (B), Q412K (C) and the triple mutant (R416A/R516A/N551A) (D). (E) Relative first-order rate constant for D499 mutants (mean and standard error).