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Proposed pathway for metabolic activation and detoxication of aristolochic acid I (AAI), leading to renal injury and urothelial cancer. Aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN); Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN); 7-(deoxyadenosin-N6-yl)aristolactam I (dA-AAI); cytochrome P450 (CYP); NADPH:CYP reductase (CPR); cyclooxygenase (COX); sulfotransferase (SULT) (adapted from reference Stiborová et al., 2008c).
