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A schematic representation illustrating (a) the synthesis of carboxymethyl polyvinyl alcohol (CMPVA), and (b) the ligand exchange process using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH), which yields water-soluble CMPVA-NCs. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show the 16 nm particles that were coated with oleate/oleylamine surfactants (bottom left) and with CMPVA (bottom right, 510 μmol carboxylate per gram of polymer).
