Mutant frequencies (MF) in different spermatogenic cell types from Trp53-null mice (hatched bars) and wild-type mice (white bars). P, pachytene spermatocytes; RS, round spermatids; SP, spermatozoa. Error bars represent the standard error. The letter a indicates significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference from spontaneous mutation, same cell type and genotype; the letter b indicates significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference from 15 days post-IR, same cell type and genotype.