Table 6.
Total direct costs, effects and the difference in mean costs from a societal perspective.
| Intervention Mean (SD) |
Usual care Mean (SD) |
Intervention - Usual care Difference costs and effects Mean (95% CI)2 |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| information | (N = 320) | (N = 318) | |
| Total direct costs | 166.82 (436.96) | 135.73 (294.55) | 31.09 (-26.70; 88.88) |
| Effects (range 0 - 1) | -0.22 (0.51) | -0.10 (0.47) | -0.11 (-0.19; -0.04) |
| work posture and movement | (N = 315) | (N = 317) | |
| Total direct costs | 169.23 (440.00) | 136.11 (294.94) | 33.12 (-25.32; 91.56) |
| Effects (range 0 - 11) | -0.96 (1.89) | -0.61 (2.00) | -0.35 (-0.66; -0.05) |
| arm, neck, shoulder symptoms | (N = 312) | (N = 308) | |
| Total direct costs | 170.55 (441.91) | 128.11 (276.04) | 42.44 (-15.48; 100.36) |
| Effects (range 0 - 44) | -1.36 (5.49) | -0.77 (5.92) | -0.59 (-1.48; 0.31) |
| sick leave from paid labour | (N = 320) | (N = 318) | |
| Total direct costs | 166.82 (436.96) | 135.73 (294.55) | 31.09 (-26.70; 88.88) |
| Effects (days of sick leave) | 0.14 (23.71) | -0.30 (23.970) | 0.44 (-3.26; 4.14) |
| Benefits3 (costs of sick leave) | 307.71 (3122.17) | 227.51 (2847.64) | 80.20 (-383.45; 543.86) |
Total direct costs and effects per person for the intervention and usual care group and the difference in mean costs (€, 2006 values 1) between both groups from a societal perspective. Mean costs and effects for the scales "information", "work posture and movement" and "arm, neck, shoulder symptoms are presented over a 12 months period. A negative effect value for these risk factors represents a reduction in exposure and the desired effect. Mean costs and effects for days- and costs of sick leave are presented over a 6 months period. A positive effect or benefit value for sick leave represents an increase in days or costs of sick leave and an undesired effect. 1 € = US $1.27; 2 95% confidence interval obtained by bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapping with 5000 replications; 3 Indirect costs for paid labour were calculated according to the friction cost approach on the basis of the mean income of the Dutch population stratified for age and gender [17].