Table 7.

Results from recent selected studies* that evaluated the effects of low-carbohydrate diets

Author Year	n	Basal BMI (kg/m2)	Duration (week)	Δ Energy (kcal/day)	Dietary composition	Δ weight (kg)	HDL-C	TG	LDL-C	Reference
Sharman 2002	12 m	BMI<25	6	None	8/30/61	-2.2	↔	↓	↔	[18]
Volek 2003	10 w	BMI<25	4	None	10/29/60	-1.8	↑	↓	↑	[17]
Volek 2004	13 w	BMI≥25	4	-643	9/28/63	-3.0	↔	↔	↔	[25]
Sharman 2004	15 m	BMI≥25	6	-738	8/28/63	-6.1	↔	↓	↔	[24]
Meckling 2004	5 m/10 w	BMI≥25	10	-763	16/26/56	-7.0	↑	↓	↔	[13]
Noakes 2006	4 m/20 w	BMI>28	12	-615	25/30/50	-8.0	↑	↓	↑	[48]
Westman 2008†	7 m/14 w	BMI>27	24	-578	13/28/59	-11.1	↑	↓	↔	[28]
Brinkworth 2009	11 m/24 w	Abd obesity	52	-500	4/35/61	-14.5	↑	↓	↑	[49]
Jenkins 2009‡	10 m/15 w	BMI>27	4	-328	28/30/43	-3.9	↔	↓	↓	[50]
Volek 2009	10 m/10 w	BMI>25	12	-847	13/28/59	-10.1	↑	↓	↔	[39]
Can 2010	18 m	BMI≥25	4	-600	33/22/45	-3.7	↑	↓	↔	T
Can 2010	25 w	BMI≥25	4	-220	30/18/48	-1.1	↔	↓	↓	T

BMI: body mass index, Δ Energy: difference between end-study and baseline mean or median daily energy intake, Dietary composition: percentage of daily energy from carbohydrate/protein/fat, Δ weight: difference between mean or median end-study and baseline weight, HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglycerides, LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol, m: men, w: women, Abd obesity: abdominal obesity, T: this study. *selected studies published after 2002 and restricted carbohydrate intake to less than 40% of daily energy intake are included in the table. A summary of studies published prior to 2004 can be found in the review by Volek and Feinman [10]. Studies of low-carbohydrate diets based on ad libitum energy intake, glycemic index or glycemic load are excluded from the table. †only subjects with diabetes mellitus were enrolled into the study ‡protein and fat are from plant origin in the study