Table 3.

Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) comparing conservative management vs radical prostatectomy by the estimation method^*

Estimation method	Death from prostate cancer		Death from all causes
	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	P	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	P
Observational (unweighted)	1.59 (1.27 to 2.00)	<.001	1.47 (1.35 to 1.59)	<.001
PS reweighted (IPTW)	1.60 (1.40 to 1.83)	<.001	1.54 (1.46 to 1.62)	<.001
PS reweighted (SMRW)	1.39 (1.10 to 1.76)	<.001	1.46 (1.33 to 1.59)	<.001
Instrumental variable†	0.73 (0.08 to 6.73)	.78	1.09 (0.46 to 2.59)	.84

^*Data are from the randomized controlled trial (29) with a follow-up of 12 years that reported the following relative risks (RR): for death from prostate cancer for men aged 65–74 years at diagnosis, RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.51 to 1.49, P = .55; and for death from all causes, RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.77 to 1.40, P = .81. CI = confidence interval; IPTW = inverse probability of treatment weights; PS = propensity score; SMRW = standardized mortality ratio weights.

^†Lagged area treatment was the only instrument.