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. 2010 Oct 13;102(23):1780–1793. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djq393

Table 3.

Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) comparing conservative management vs radical prostatectomy by the estimation method*

Estimation method Death from prostate cancer
Death from all causes
Adjusted HR (95% CI) P Adjusted HR (95% CI) P
Observational (unweighted) 1.59 (1.27 to 2.00) <.001 1.47 (1.35 to 1.59) <.001
PS reweighted (IPTW) 1.60 (1.40 to 1.83) <.001 1.54 (1.46 to 1.62) <.001
PS reweighted (SMRW) 1.39 (1.10 to 1.76) <.001 1.46 (1.33 to 1.59) <.001
Instrumental variable 0.73 (0.08 to 6.73) .78 1.09 (0.46 to 2.59) .84
*

Data are from the randomized controlled trial (29) with a follow-up of 12 years that reported the following relative risks (RR): for death from prostate cancer for men aged 65–74 years at diagnosis, RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.51 to 1.49, P = .55; and for death from all causes, RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.77 to 1.40, P = .81. CI = confidence interval; IPTW = inverse probability of treatment weights; PS = propensity score; SMRW = standardized mortality ratio weights.

Lagged area treatment was the only instrument.