Table 2. Knowledge regarding appropriate antibiotic use and tendency to demand antibiotics among caregivers (n = 503) in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 2009.

Item	Response	No.	%
Questionnaire item	Acceptable responsea
How often are antibiotics needed for the following?
Middle ear fluid without fever	Never/almost never	217	54
Clear nasal discharge (runny nose)	Never/almost never	237	47
Purulent nasal discharge	Never/almost never	179	36
Sore throat	Sometimes/almost never	130	26
Colds or flu	Never/almost never	84	17
Cough	Never/almost never	94	19
Ear infections	Sometimes/almost always	315	63
Are antibiotics helpful for treating bacterial infections, viral infections, or both?	Bacterial	100	20
Do most cold, cough and flu illnesses get better faster with antibiotics?	Disagree or strongly disagree	120	24
Are most cough, cold and flu illnesses caused by bacteria or viruses?	Viruses	22	4
Demand-related items	Affirmative responsea
If I expected an antibiotic, I am less satisfied with a doctor’s visit if I do not receive an antibiotic.	Strongly agree or agree	150	30
I would rather give my child an antibiotic that may not be needed than wait to see if s/he gets better without it.	Strongly agree or agree	184	37
If a doctor does not prescribe an antibiotic when I think one is needed, I will take my child to another doctor.	Strongly agree or agree	137	27

^a Acceptable and affirmative responses were adapted from reference Huang SS et al.¹⁰