Table 2.

Percent among low and high GPA groups exhibiting sleep behaviors at three levels of education¹.

	6th–8th Grade (n = 98)			9th–11th Grade (n = 67)			College (n = 64)
Sleep behavior exhibited at least once a week or more	Low GPA	High GPA	p	Low GPA	High GPA	P	Low GPA	High GPA	P
Do you have difficulty falling asleep	57.1	63.3	0.340	66.7	52.9	0.185	69.7	40.0	0.017
Do you have restless/aching legs when falling asleep	36.7	12.2	0.004	30.3	23.5	0.363	33.3	20.0	0.183
Do you snore	39.1	23.4	0.079	21.2	14.7	0.354	33.3	37.9	0.455
Do you stop or have trouble breathing when sleeping	4.2	2.0	0.492	6.5	2.9	0.465	24.2	10.3	0.136
Do you have leg kicks or twitches at night	42.9	32.7	0.202	36.4	23.5	0.189	53.1	30.0	0.056
Do you wake at night and have trouble falling back to sleep	46.9	30.6	0.073	36.4	17.6	0.073	65.6	37.9	0.028
Is it hard to wake up in the morning	83.7	69.4	0.076	75.8	58.8	0.112	63.6	80.0	0.123
Do you wake unrefreshed or tired in the morning	89.8	75.5	0.054	84.4	79.4	0.421	87.9	76.7	0.201
Do you have trouble with sleepiness during the day	47.9	32.7	0.092	57.6	50.0	0.353	72.7	70.0	0.515
Do you fall asleep in class	18.4	12.2	0.288	30.3	5.9	0.010	36.4	23.3	0.198
Do you have difficulty concentrating during the day	61.2	45.8	0.094	71.9	41.2	0.011	72.7	43.3	0.017
Do you take naps	34.7	33.3	0.529	72.7	41.2	0.009	39.4	30.0	0.303
Do you take sleep medication	2.0	6.1	0.309	0.0	8.8	0.125	18.2	16.7	0.570

¹Sleep variable responses were collapsed to form a group indicating “at least once a week” or more. GPA was divided into “Low” and “High” GPA at the median split for each grade level; Grades 6–8 = 3.5; Grades 9–11 = 3.0; College = 3.4. Fisher's Exact one-sided tests were used for all comparisons; significant comparisons (p < 0.05) are in bold.