Figure 4.

Study group participation and class grade. Class grade (A, B, C, D, F) distributions of participants in study groups versus nonparticipants for (A) spring (N = 103) and (B) fall (N = 240). Spring participants were more than 4 times more likely to earn an A, two times more likely to earn a B, four times less likely to earn a C, and five times less likely to fail the class (D/F; χ² = 35.04, df = 4, p < 0.001). Fall participants were almost two times more likely to earn an A or B than nonparticipants and over three times less likely to fail the course (D/F; χ² = 17.627, df = 4, p = 0.001).