Table 3.

TGF-α expression (staining optical density) according to diet and lifestyle risk factors, MAP II

Characteristic*	n	All†	Prop diff (%)‡	Pdiff§	n	Controls	Prop diff (%)‡	Pdiff§	n	Cases	Prop diff (%)‡	Pdiff§
Lifestyle
Age < 55 y	32	0.94			15	0.75			17	1.12
Age ≥ 55 y	28	1.06	12.8	0.55	14	0.84	12	0.68	14	1.28	14.3	0.66
NSAID use never to <once/wk	34	1.16			13	0.83			21	1.4
NSAID use once/wk	26	0.74	−36.2	0.05	16	0.76	−8.4	0.74	10	0.66	−52.9	0.05
HRT use never (women)	7	1.68			5	1.11			2	2.72
HRT use ever (women)	24	0.86	−48.8	0.06	10	0.66	−4.1	0.23	14	1.07	−60.7	0.07
BMI< 30 kg/m2	31	1.06			13	0.78			18	1.34
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (obese)	29	0.93	−12.3	0.5	16	0.81	3.8	0.89	13	1	−25.4	0.33
Physical activity‖ < 22 METs/d	37	1.05			20	0.85			17	1.24
Physical activity > 22 METs/d	23	0.99	−5.7	0.75	9	0.69	−18.8	0.46	14	1.27	2.4	0.92
No family history of CRC	47	0.82			20	0.72			27	0.97
1° relative with CRC	10	1.47	79.2	0.02	7	0.78	8.3	0.78	3	2.53	160.8	0.01
Dietary intakes¶
Total energy‖ low	20	1.13			10	0.79			10	1.43
Total energy high	40	0.92	−18.6	0.32	19	0.75	−5.1	0.84	21	1.08	−24.4	0.36
Total vitamin D low	33	1.02			16	0.82			17	1.24
Total vitamin D high	27	0.95	−6.9	0.72	13	0.77	−6.1	0.82	14	1.13	−8.9	0.75
Total calcium low	33	1.02			17	0.79			16	1.28
Total calcium high	27	0.96	−5.9	0.76	12	0.8	1.3	0.97	15	1.1	−14.1	0.67
Total fiber low	35	0.98			16	0.78			19	1.17
Total fiber high	25	1.01	3.1	0.85	13	0.81	3.8	0.89	12	1.23	5.1	0.86
Sucrose low	28	0.89			15	0.62			13	1.15
Sucrose high	32	1.08	21.3	0.33	14	0.98	58.1	0.07	18	1.22	6.1	0.84
Red and processed meat low	31	1.11			15	0.82			16	1.41
Red and processed meat high	29	0.87	−21.6	0.29	14	0.77	−6.1	0.87	15	0.97	−31.2	0.25
Low fat dairy low	34	1.07			16	0.88			18	1.26
Low fat dairy high	26	0.89	−16.8	0.38	13	0.69	−21.6	0.35	13	1.1	−12.7	0.68
Fruit and vegetables low	26	1.07			12	0.97			14	1.17
Fruit and vegetables high	34	0.93	−13.1	0.53	17	0.67	−30.9	0.16	17	1.21	3.4	0.91

NOTE: Batch standardized as individual value divided by batch mean; full crypt values.

^*All estimates (except age) adjusted for age; cut points based on medians in all MAP II controls.

^†Adjusted for case-control status.

^‡Proportional difference = difference between means [high − low (reference)] divided by low or mean in reference group × 100%.

^§Difference P value for comparison of means (analysis of covariance).

^‖Physical activity and total energy intake mutually adjusted for each other.

^¶Nutrient values residual energy-adjusted + total energy intake covariate; cut points based on sex-specific medians in all controls.