Figure 1.

Model detailing how noise might compromise health. The dashed lines indicate the physical effects of noise, which include Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL), while the solid lines represent the non-physical effects of noise. The box labeled “moderating factors” represents the cumulative effect of traits, contextual factors, and noise parameters (e.g., amplitude modulation). Annoyance and sleep disruption act as mediators between predisposing factors and secondary health effects (e.g., health-related quality of life or disease).