Table 5.
Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in various categories of study population: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1
| Characteristic |
Deficiency 2 % (n) |
Insufficiency 3 % (n) |
P-value 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| All subjects | 19.6 (2701) | 30.4 (2679) | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | ||
| Men | 15.5 (964) | 31.1 (1304) | |
| Women | 23.6 (1737) | 29.8 (1375) | |
| Race-ethnicity | <0.001 | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 10.1 (215) | 28.5 (648) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 60.0 (1588) | 28.7 (745) | |
| Mexican American/Hispanic | 26.5 (790) | 43.1 (1151) | |
| Other | 32.4 (108) | 38.0 (135) | |
| Geographical location | <0.001 | ||
| Northeast | 12.4 (288) | 27.5 (284) | |
| Midwest | 11.3 (391) | 28.9 (493) | |
| South | 27.1 (1467) | 30.4 (1053) | |
| West | 23.5 (555) | 35.0 (849) | |
| Urbanization | <0.001 | ||
| Urban living | 25.1 (1612) | 31.6 (1392) | |
| Rural living | 14.2 (1089) | 29.2 (1287) | |
| Supplement use 5 | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 15.8 (627) | 29.5 (753) | |
| No | 22.8 (1890) | 30.1 (1657) | |
| Poverty income ratio 6 | <0.001 | ||
| <1.0 (below poverty line) | 28.8 (849) | 34.3 (797) | |
| 2.0-<3.0 (low-middle income) | 21.2 (745) | 29.0 (672) | |
| 3.0-<4.0 (high-middle income) | 17.1 (692) | 30.7 (725) | |
| ≥4.0 (high income) | 13.9 (192) | 27.8 (242) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | <0.001 | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 15.4 (71) | 27.6 (98) | |
| Normal weight (18.5-<25) | 16.0 (1128) | 28.0 (1271) | |
| Overweight (25-<30) | 20.3 (749) | 31.9 (774) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 31.0 (748) | 36.3 (525) |
1 Data associated with prescription medicine use and serum creatinine concentrations are not presented because these two variables were found non-significant in the χ2 test for proportions of vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency. Data associated with vitamin D sufficiency (>75 nmol/L) are not shown.
2 Serum concentrations of 25 (OH) vitamin D <50 nmol/L
3 Serum concentrations of 25 (OH) vitamin D 50-75 nmol/L
4 Significance of variable for proportions of persons with vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency in the χ2 test
5 Vitamin/mineral supplement use 1 month prior to the survey
6 The ratio of a family's income to their appropriate threshold income