Effect of kinase and phosphatase rate constants on the total protein concentration gradient. (a–c) The total protein concentration gradient increases with increasing kinase rate constant, kk. (d–f) The total protein concentration gradient also increases, and decays over a shorter distance with increasing phosphatase rate constant, kp. Diffusion coefficients DA=1 μm2s−1, DB=10 μm2s−1, overall protein concentration 1 μM in all panels.