Table 2.
Physical and chemical conditions during the experimental periods (mean ± 1 SD)
| Salinity | T °C | TA μmol kg−1 | pHT | pCO2 μatm | HCO3− μmol kg−1 | CO32− μmol kg−1 | CO2 μmol kg−1 | TCO2 μmol kg−1 | bCa2+ mmol kg−1 | Ωarag | |
| Ambient seawater (n = 4 hourly samples) | |||||||||||
| Ambient seawater | 36.5 ± 0.1 | 30.054 ± 0.001 | 2,385 ± 3 | 8.00 ± 0.01 | 454 ± 12 | 1,793 ± 8 | 242 ± 4 | 11.0 ± 0.3 | 2,046 ± 4 | 10.7 ± 0.3 | 3.89 ± 0.07 |
| Fertilization (n = 1 initial) | |||||||||||
| Control | 35.1 ± 0.1 | 28.0 ± 0.1 | 2,310 ± 2 | 7.986 ± 0.004 | 468 ± 5 | 1,794 ± 3 | 210 ± 2 | 12.3 ± 0.1 | 2,016.7 ± 0.9 | 10.3 ± 0.3 | 3.38 ± 0.03 |
| Mid-CO2 | 34.4 ± 0.1 | 28.0 ± 0.1 | 2,293 ± 1 | 7.8538 ± 0.0008 | 673 ± 1 | 1,899.0 ± 0.4 | 161.3 ± 0.3 | 17.76 ± 0.03 | 2,078.0 ± 0.7 | 10.1 ± 0.3 | 2.608 ± 0.005 |
| High-CO2 | 34.5 ± 0.1 | 28.0 ± 0.1 | 2,352.4 ± 0.5 | 7.715 ± 0.003 | 998 ± 7 | 2,045 ± 1 | 126.4 ± 0.7 | 26.3 ± 0.2 | 2,197.6 ± 0.8 | 10.1 ± 0.3 | 2.04 ± 0.01 |
| Settlement (n = 1 initial) | |||||||||||
| Control | 34.5 ± 0.1 | 28.0 ± 0.1 | 2,339 ± 2 | 7.966 ± 0.002 | 491 ± 3 | 1,834.3 ± 0.4 | 207 ± 1 | 12.93 ± 0.07 | 2,054.2 ± 0.6 | 10.1 ± 0.3 | 3.34 ± 0.12 |
| Mid-CO2 | 34.8 ± 0.1 | 28.0 ± 0.1 | 2,388 ± 3 | 7.87 ± 0.01 | 654 ± 19 | 1,956 ± 6 | 178 ± 4 | 17.2 ± 0.5 | 2,151 ± 3 | 10.2 ± 0.3 | 2.87 ± 0.06 |
| High-CO2 | 34.9 ± 0.1 | 28.0 ± 0.1 | 2,336.2 ± 0.9 | 7.751 ± 0.003 | 876 ± 7 | 1,998 ± 1 | 139.6 ± 0.9 | 23.1 ± 0.2 | 2,159.7 ± 0.5 | 10.3 ± 0.3 | 2.23 ± 0.01 |
| Growth (n = 5 weekly samples) | |||||||||||
| Control | 34 ± 1 | 28.2 ± 0.1 | 2,482 ± 42 | 8.04 ± 0.03 | 436 ± 41 | 1,886 ± 53 | 247 ± 15 | 11 ± 1 | 2,144 ± 46 | 10.0 ± 0.3 | 4.0 ± 0.2 |
| Mid-CO2 | 34.2 ± 0.7 | 28.2 ± 0.1 | 2,471 ± 32 | 7.93 ± 0.04 | 599 ± 69 | 1,987 ± 55 | 200 ± 13 | 16 ± 2 | 2,203 ± 46 | 10.0 ± 0.3 | 3.3 ± 0.2 |
| High-CO2 | 35 ± 1 | 28.12 ± 0.09 | 2,479 ± 37 | 7.79 ± 0.05 | 882 ± 111 | 2,109 ± 52 | 154 ± 14 | 23 ± 3 | 2,286 ± 46 | 10.1 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.2 |
Averages for ambient seawater are based on hourly water sampling at 0–4 h postspawning (2200–0200 hours) on Elbow Reef (site of gamete collection), 11 d after A. palmata spawning in August 2009. All measurements are based on duplicate or triplicate analyses for each sampling period. pHT, pCO2, HCO3−, CO32−, CO2, TCO2, and Ωarag were calculated using CO2SYS with an input temperature of 25 °C and an output temperature according to the tank or ambient seawater as noted in the table. Calcium concentration was calculated based on 10.28 mmol kg−1 of Ca2+ at a salinity of 35.