Table 1.

Effects of ROS on activities of TFs, NF-κB, AP-1 and NF-AT. The data are expressed as fold change in luciferase activity of cells treated with 100 μM H₂O₂ versus untreated cells. Cells at a density of 1 × 10⁵ cells/well were treated with 100 μM H₂O₂ for 6 h. For positive control, cells were treated with 20 ng/mL of TNF-α (for NF-κB), 20 ng/mL of PMA (for AP-1), or 10 ng/mL of PMA and 1 μg/mL of ionomycin (for NF-AT) for 6 h. After the stimulation, harvested cells were used for luciferase assay as described in Materials and Methods.

Transcription Factors	Relative Luciferase Activity (Fold)
	ROS Treated	Positive Control
NF- κB	1.46 ± 0.45*	5.12 ± 1.52***
AP-1	1.32 ± 0.26**	18.37 ± 3.79***
NF-AT	1.21 ± 0.13***	3.04 ± 0.90***

^*P < 0.05,

^**P < 0.01,

^***P < 0.005.