Table 6.
Patient Characteristics and Odds Ratios (85% Confidence Intervals) of Finding that Characteristic among Patients with Specific Resistant Pathogens Compared with Intra-Abdominal Infections with No Resistant Pathogens
| Non-fermenting gram negative1(N = 35) | Resistant staphylococci2(N = 74) | All enterococci3(N = 161) | VRE4(N = 39) | Fungi5(N = 267) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Male | 1.73 (0.84, 3.59) |
1.23 (0.75, 2.01) |
0.88 (0.62, 1.24) |
0.75 (0.40, 1.44) |
0.90 (0.68, 1.20) |
| Age | 50.7 ± 3.38 | 50.0 ± 1.58 | 55.1 ± 1.22 | 50.5 ± 2.31 | 54.2 ± 0.92 |
| APACHE II score6 | 15.9 ± 1.5 | 13.2 ± 0.9 | 15.0 ± 0.6 | 16.7 ± 1.0 | 14.7 ± 0.5 |
| Healthcare-associated | 1.59 (0.76, 3.29) |
1.83 (1.08, 3.11) |
3.16 (2.09, 4.78) |
6.35 (2.24, 18.09) |
2.40 (1.74, 3.32) |
| In intensive care unit | 2.80 (1.22, 6.41) |
2.40 (1.29, 4.47) |
3.11 (1.91, 5.05) |
4.72 (2.31, 9.62) |
1.86 (1.23, 2.81) |
| Days from admission to treatment | 13.0 ± 3.4 | 8.4 ± 2.3 | 11.9 ± 1.5 | 23.3 ± 4.1 | 7.1 ± 0.9 |
| Maximum temperature, °C | 38.2 ± 0.2 | 38.0 ± 0.1 | 37.9 ± 0.1 | 37.9 ± 0.2 | 37.9 ± 0.1 |
| Maximum white blood cell count (1,000/mm3) | 20.0 ± 2.0 | 15.8 ± 1.4 | 17.5 ± 0.8 | 16.7 ± 1.9 | 15.9 ± 0.5 |
| Medical conditions | |||||
| Corticosteroid use | 1.16 (0.52, 2.61) |
0.68 (0.35, 1.33) |
2.61 (1.78, 3.84) |
7.00 (3.55, 13.82) |
1.52 (1.11, 2.12) |
| Solid organ allograft | 0.93 (0.35, 2.44) |
0.67 (0.31, 1.45) |
3.13 (2.08, 4.72) |
7.20 (3.70, 14.01) |
1.25 (0.86, 1.81) |
| Liver | 0.94 (0.32, 2.74) |
0.76 (0.34, 1.72) |
3.47 (2.24, 5.39) |
6.94 (3.55, 13.53) |
1.28 (0.86, 1.93) |
| Kidney | 0.94 (0.12, 7.16) |
0.44 (0.058, 3.29) |
0.98 (0.36, 2.68) |
1.72 (0.39, 7.62) |
1.10 (0.51, 2.45) |
| Kidney/pancreas | — | — | 1.41 (0.27, 7.36) |
3.00 (0.35, 25.51) |
2.17 (0.66, 7.18) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.44 (0.15, 1.26) |
1.34 (0.79, 2.29) |
1.46 (0.98, 2.19) |
0.28 (0.089, 0.93) |
0.96 (0.68, 1.35) |
| Cardiac disease | 1.05 (0.43, 2.60) |
0.36 (0.15, 0.94) |
0.84 (0.52, 1.37) |
0.58 (0.20, 1.67) |
1.35 (0.95, 1.93) |
| Malignant disease | 0.78 (0.27, 2.25) |
1.05 (0.54, 2.07) |
1.13 (0.69, 1.86) |
0.33 (0.077, 1.37) |
0.85 (0.56, 1.30) |
| Baseline pulmonary disease | 2.67 (1.12, 6.37) |
1.48 (0.70, 3.12) |
1.06 (0.58, 1.94) |
1.94 (0.78, 4.83) |
1.77 (1.15, 2.74) |
| Ventilator dependence | 2.23 (0.83, 6.00) |
2.33 (1.15, 4.72) |
2.61 (1.49, 4.58) |
4.01 (1.80, 8.92) |
1.95 (1.23, 3.10) |
| Liver disease | 1.20 (0.35, 4.05) |
1.77 (0.83, 3.76) |
2.51 (1.45, 4.34) |
5.02 (2.36, 10.68) |
1.38 (0.84, 2.27) |
| Dialysis dependence | 3.03 (1.19, 7.69) |
1.06 (0.41, 2.77) |
4.37 (2.46, 7.78) |
3.78 (1.64, 8.72) |
1.05 (0.60, 1.87) |
| Crohn's disease/UC | — | 1.43 (0.62, 3.28) |
0.22 (0.07, 0.70) |
0.74 (0.17, 3.16) |
1.27 (0.68, 1.99) |
| Source of infection | |||||
| Stomach | — | 0.88 (0.20, 3.84) |
1.25 (0.49, 3.23) |
1.71 (0.39, 7.61) |
2.16 (1.12, 4.17) |
| Duodenum | 2.72 (0.60, 12.40) |
0.62 (0.080, 4.73) |
2.82 (1.03, 7.69) |
1.18 (0.15, 9.19) |
4.03 (2.06, 7.90) |
| Pancreas | 0.43 (0.058, 3.22) |
2.29 (1.10, 4.77) |
2.73 (1.49, 4.99) |
1.68 (0.57, 4.93) |
0.57 (0.28, 1.15) |
| Liver/biliary | 1.44 (0.69, 3.01) |
1.09 (0.62, 1.89) |
1.83 (1.25, 2.67) |
2.70 (1.41, 4.19) |
0.97 (0.70, 1.36) |
| Small bowel | 0.29 (0.067, 1.23) |
1.12 (0.60, 2.07) |
1.17 (0.74, 1.84) |
0.55 (0.19, 1.57) |
1.45 (1.02, 2.05) |
| Appendix | 1.32 (0.45, 3.89) |
— | 0.11 (0.03, 0.44) |
0.27 (0.037, 2.01) |
0.12 (0.04, 0.38) |
| Colorectal | 1.07 (0.50, 2.26) |
0.99 (0.58, 1.69) |
0.46 (0.29, 0.73) |
0.39 (0.15, 1.02) |
1.02 (0.74, 1.40) |
| Other/unknown | 1.36 (0.51, 3.62) |
0.99 (0.46, 2.14) |
0.74 (0.40, 1.35) |
0.94 (0.32, 2.71) |
0.52 (0.30, 0.91) |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Duration of antibiotic therapy | 14.9 ± 1.3 | 14.8 ± 0.9 | 15.5 ± 0.8 | 18.2 ± 1.6 | 18.1 ± 1.6 |
| Length of stay (days)7 |
25.7 ± 6.3 | 24.8 ± 3.5 | 21.5 ± 1.7 | 23.9 ± 3.2 | 23.8 ± 1.8 |
| In-hospital death | 1.78 (0.67, 4.76) |
1.29 (0.59, 2.83) |
1.62 (0.94, 2.80) |
3.68 (1.71, 7.93) |
1.88 (1.23, 2.89) |
Shaded boxes indicate p < 0.05 by Student's t-test or 95% confidence does not cross 1 compared to infections with no resistant organisms (see Table 3), except for values for all enterococcal infections, which are compared with all infections without resistant pathogens or Enterococcus spp.
Includes P. aeruginosa, S. maltophilia, and Acinetobacter spp.
Includes methicillin-resistant S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci.
Includes vancomycin-resistant and -resistant strains.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci; all were E. faecium.
Includes all Candida spp., non-speciated yeast, Aspergillus spp., and other fungi.
At time of diagnosis of intra-abdominal infection.
From initiation of therapy for intra-abdominal infection.
UC = ulcerative colitis.