Spatial distribution of hydrophobic residues in the representative proteins encoded by vertebrate mitochondrial (mt) and nuclear (nc) genomes. Hydrophobic residues (Phe, Val, Leu, Ile, Met, Trp, Ala, Gly, and Pro) are colored magenta. The upper panels show transmembrane proteins encoded by mt-genomes: bovine cytochrome bc complex (complex III) (left; Protein Data Bank ID [PDB]: 1SQQ) and cytochrome c oxidase complex (complex IV) (light; PDB: 1V55). In these panels, the protein subunits encoded by mt-genes are shown by space-filling models, and the remaining subunits encoded by nc genes are shown by Van der Waals' surface dot models. The lower panels show globular proteins encoded by nc-genomes: human hemoglobin A (PDB: 1BZ0) and lysozyme (PDB: 133L). The 3 D graphical models were generated and processed using the program RasMol [30].