Table1. Baseline characteristics.
| Characteristics | Worsening RF (n=85) |
Improved RF (n=65) |
p | Stable RF (n=251) |
Dynamic RF (n=150) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 55 ± 13 | 58 ± 15 | 0.109 | 56 ± 14 | 56 ± 14 | 0.946 |
| Males | 73% | 85% | 0.087 | 72% | 78% | 0.192 |
| White race | 51% | 60% | 0.251 | 63% | 55% | 0.12 |
| Ischemic etiology of heart failure | 55% | 47% | 0.342 | 47% | 51% | 0.447 |
| Hypertension | 50% | 31% | 0.022* | 50% | 42% | 0.108 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 39% | 25% | 0.067 | 32% | 33% | 0.799 |
| Myocardial infarction | 48% | 42% | 0.511 | 43% | 45% | 0.663 |
| Coronary bypass grafting | 33% | 25% | 0.272 | 30% | 30% | 0.908 |
| Gout | 17% | 22% | 0.423 | 18% | 19% | 0.883 |
| Dyspnea at rest | 53% | 59% | 0.5 | 60% | 55% | 0.36 |
| Fatigue at rest | 67% | 72% | 0.49 | 64% | 69% | 0.254 |
| Orthopnea | 87% | 82% | 0.352 | 86% | 85% | 0.714 |
| NYHA class (mean) | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 0.855 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 0.18 |
| Six minute walk (feet) | 417 ± 418 | 428 ± 381 | 0.569 | 416 ± 429 | 422 ± 401 | 0.572 |
| Maximal oxygen consumption (mL/kg/min) | 9.7 ± 1.9 | 10.9 ± 5.0 | 0.831 | 9.9 ± 3.2 | 10.3 ± 3.7 | 0.655 |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 18.3 ± 6.0 | 18.2 ± 6.3 | 0.94 | 20.1 ± 6.6 | 18.3 ± 6.1 | 0.008* |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 110 ± 18 | 101 ± 16 | 0.001* | 106 ± 15 | 106 ± 18 | 0.775 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 84 ± 16 | 80 ± 16 | 0.111 | 81 ± 14 | 82 ± 16 | 0.569 |
| Respiration rate (breaths/min) | 21 ± 4 | 20± 4 | 0.862 | 21 ± 4 | 20 ± 4 | 0.722 |
| Jugular venous pressure > 12 cm | 25% | 21% | 0.509 | 19% | 23% | 0.294 |
| Rales > 1/3 lung fields | 18% | 11% | 0.241 | 14% | 15% | 0.726 |
| Ascites ≥ moderate | 29% | 14% | 0.036* | 18% | 22% | 0.241 |
| Severe edema | 17% | 11% | 0.322 | 10% | 14% | 0.258 |
| Cool extremities | 14% | 22% | 0.229 | 16% | 18% | 0.684 |
| Medications (baseline) | ||||||
| ACE inhibitor / ARB | 89% | 89% | 0.972 | 90% | 89% | 0.721 |
| β-Blocker | 54% | 67% | 0.107 | 64% | 60% | 0.423 |
| Loop diuretic (mg)† | 200 (120, 400) |
160 (120, 320) |
0.16 | 200 (100, 320) |
190 (120, 320) |
0.334 |
| Spironolactone | 38% | 32% | 0.664 | 33% | 34% | 0.726 |
| Thiazide diuretic | 16% | 12% | 0.438 | 11% | 14% | 0.33 |
| Medications (in-hospital) | ||||||
| ACE inhibitor / ARB | 93% | 88% | 0.27 | 93% | 91% | 0.345 |
| Loop diuretic (mg) † | 280 (160, 450) |
190 (120, 400) |
0.056 | 200 (100, 340) |
240 (140, 425) |
0.039* |
| Thiazide diuretic | 46% | 27% | 0.017* | 24% | 38% | 0.003* |
| Inotropes | 45% | 55% | 0.221 | 38% | 49% | 0.028* |
| Vasodilators | 37% | 43% | 0.486 | 22% | 39% | >0.001* |
| Inotropes or vasodilators | 71% | 78% | 0.3 | 50% | 74% | >0.001* |
| Laboratory Findings | ||||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.5 ± 1.8 | 12.6 ± 1.9 | 0.565 | 12.6 ± 1.8 | 12.5 ± 1.8 | 0.748 |
| Serum sodium (mEq/L) | 137 ± 5 | 135 ± 6 | 0.002* | 137 ± 4 | 136 ± 5 | 0.189 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.27 ± 0.51 | 2.08 ± 0.83 | >0.001* | 1.44 ± 0.49 | 1.62 ± 0.78 | 0.126 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min) | 69.5 ± 29.5 | 39.9 ± 17.2 | >0.001* | 57.2 ± 23.0 | 56.7 ± 28.9 | 0.837 |
| B-Type Natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 1076 ± 1301 | 1309 ± 1953 | 0.48 | 906 ± 1144 | 1174 ± 1605 | 0.209 |
| Norepinephrine (pg/mL) | 547 ± 366 | 977 ± 579 | >0.001* | 660 ± 535 | 721 ± 508 | 0.175 |
ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker, Dynamic RF: ≥ 20% increase or decrease in glomerular filtration rate from admission to discharge, RF: Renal function, NYHA: New York Heart Association, Stable RF: ≤ 20% change in renal function from admission to discharge.
*
Represents a significant p-value.
†
Loop diuretic dose reported as median with interquartile range. Baseline loop dose represents daily oral dose prior to hospitalization. In-hospital loop dose represents the maximum IV loop diuretic dose received on any one day of the study. All other values represent mean +/- standard deviation or %.