Anti-hGAA antibody profiles before and after rhGAA protein challenges in mice receiving AAV8-hGAA by intravenous or intrathymic delivery. Mice were treated (week zero) with (a) saline by intravenous (N = 5) or intrathymic (N = 3) injection, or the AAV8-hGAA vector by intravenous (i.v.) injection at (b) 1 × 109 (N = 4), (c) 2 × 1010 (N = 7), or (d) 5 × 1011 DNase-resistant particles (drp) (N = 5), or (e) intrathymic (i.t.) injection at 2 × 1010 drp (N = 9). Mice were challenged with rhGAA in complete Freund's adjuvant at week 6 after AAV administration and with rhGAA in incomplete Freund's adjuvant at week 12, as indicated by the arrowheads. Anti-hGAA titers were analyzed at weeks 4, 8 (2 weeks after the 1st challenge), and 14 (2 weeks after the 2nd challenge). Open circles connected by gray lines represent anti-hGAA titers for individual mice. Filled circles connected by dark lines represent average values for each group, which are shown compiled in f with SEM.