Figure 1.

AKT/MTOR pathway. IRS1 = insulin receptor substrate 1, PI3K = phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PIP3 = Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃), PTEN = phosphatase and tensin homolog, PDK1 = 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, PDK2 = 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-2, AKT = another kinase of transcription, GSK3 = glycogen synthase kinase 3, CyclinD1 = regulates transition from G₁ to S phase, MDM2 = murine double minute oncogene 2, p53 = tumor protein 53, TSC2 = tuberous sclerosis complex 2, TSC1 = tuberous sclerosis complex 1, RHEB = Ras homolog enriched in brain, MTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin, MTORC1 = mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, MTORC2 = mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2, RAPTOR = regulatory associated protein of MTOR, RICTOR = RAPTOR independent companion of MTOR, MLST8 = MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog (S. cerevisiae), MAPKAP1 = mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-associated protein 1, EIF4EBP1 = eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1, 4E = eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E, S6K= p70-ribosomal protein S6 kinase, S6 = ribosomal protein S6.