Table 2.

Nanoparticle formulations and mechanisms of tumor ablation.

Nanoparticle Type	Mechanism of Tumor Ablation	Nanoparticle Characteristics		Agents Encapsulated and Additional Properties	System	Cell type	Reference
		Sizea	Zeta ζ
Iron oxide NPs coated with polyaniline	MW	30 – 50 nm		Targeting: folic acid imaging: thermoacoustic imaging	in vivo	S180 mouse tumor sarcoma	Nie, et al.33
SWNTs	MW hyperthermia	d: 1 – 2 nm × l: 5 – 30 μm				tissue mimicking mixtures	Mashal, et al.32
Fe3O4, Fe2O3 NPs	MW hyperthermia	3.2 – 5.3 nm					Janmaleki, et al.162
AuNPs	drug-NP-ROS	15 nm		combination therapy: 5-aminolevulinic acid + citrate AuNPs	in vitro	human MCF7 breast cancer and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma	Ito, et al.92
PVP coated AgNPs	ROS	118 – 121 nm	-21.8 mV		in vitro	BRL3A rat liver cells and rat alveolar macrophages	Foldbjerg, et al.83
polymer nanosphere, vesicular nanocapsules	drug-ROS	52 – 56 nm, 130 – 180 nm	(-7.9) – (-2.9) mV, (-57.8) – (-44.0) mV	drug: ferrocenyl tamoxifen derivatives	in vitro	human MELN (MCF 7 breast cancer)	Nguyen, et al.91
mPEG-PCL polymer	drug-ROS	87.5 nm	-5.6 mV	drug: resveratrol	in vitro	rat C6 glioma cells	Shao, et al.90
mPEG-PCL polymer	drug-ROS	75.3 nm	-6.1 mV	drug: tetrandrine	in vitro	human colorectal cancer cells (LOVO)	Li, et al.89
chitosan nanoparticles	ROS	40 – 100 nm	+50 mV		in vitro, in vivo	human hepatoma BEL7402	Qi, et al.88
mesoporous silica NPs	AO increase, ROS depletion	110 nm	(-35.6) – (+27.5) mV	Promote tumor growth	in vitro, in vivo	A375 human malignant melanoma	Huang, et al.96
silica Nps	ROS	15 – 46 nm			in vitro	A549 human bronchoalveolar carcinomas	Lin, et al.87
‘liposils’: hollow ceramic silica spheres	MW, US	100 nm	-40 mV	encapsulate: congo red and other dyes			Steinberg34
polystyrene nanospheres	HIFU	100 – 200 nm		encapsulate: dyes	in vivo	muscle	Hancock55
temperature sensitive liposomes	US hyperthermia	140 nm		drug: doxorubicin	in vivo	human squamous cell carcinoma xenograft in mice	Kong, et al.163
temperature sensitive liposomes ThermoDox	HIFU hyperthermia, RF, US			drug: doxorubicin	in vitro, in vivo Phase I, II, III clinical trials	murine adenocarcinoma hepatocellular carcinoma, recurrent breast cancer at chest wall	Dromi, et al.28 and ClinicalTrials.gov126, 128
liposomes	HIFU	210 nm		encapsulate: FITC			Chen, et al.51
Aerosol OT (AOT)-alginate nanoparticles	PDT, ROS	62 nm	-25.1 mV	encapsulate: methylene blue drug: doxorubicin	in vitro	drug resistant NCI/ADR RES	Khdair, et al.122
Polyacrylamide, Sol-gel silica, or Organically modified silicate (ORMOSIL)	PDT	20 – 30 nm, 190 nm, 160 nm		encapsulate: methylene blue	in vitro	rat C6 glioma cells	Tang, et al.118
gold nanoparticles in Cremophor emulsion	PDT			Zn(II)-phthalocyanine disulphide	in vivo	amelanotic melanoma	Camerin, et al.119
ZnO nanoparticles	PDT			drug: daunorubicin	in vitro	drug resistant leukemia K562/A02	Guo, et al.144

^aSize may be core diameter determined by electron microscopy or hydrodynamic diameter determined by dynamic light scattering.

Abbreviations: AgNPs – silver nanoparticles, AO – antioxidant, AuNPs – gold nanoparticles, NPs – nanoparticles, mPEG-PCL – methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(caprolactone) , PVP – poly vinyl pyrrolidone, ZnO – Zinc Oxide