Table 1.
Cross-sectional characteristics of the Pittsburgh EDC Pulse Wave Analysis study population by CAD, CAD and LEAD categories
| CAD Status | CAC Score | LEAD (ABI) Categorya | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Overall | No CAD | CAD | 0–99 | ≥ 100 | <0.9 | 0.9–1.3 | >1.3 |
| % (N) | 100.0 (144) | 87.5 (126) | 12.5 (18) | 63.8 (88) | 36.2 (50) | 11.1 (16) | 69.4 (100) | 19.4 (28) |
| Demographic | ||||||||
| Female Sex (% (n)) | 50.7 (73) | 54.0 (68) | 27.8 (5)* | 52.3 (46) | 48.0 (24) | 68.8 (11) | 54.0 (54) | 28.6 (8)*†† |
| Age (yrs) | 44.7±7.43 | 44.0±7.26 | 49.1±7.27** | 42.3±6.57 | 49.0±6.84*** | 49.7±7.61** | 43.5±7.41 | 46.0±6.00 |
| Diabetes Duration (yrs) | 36.4±6.74 | 35.9±6.74 | 39.9±5.71* | 34.4±6.10 | 40.1±6.25*** | 41.0±6.07** | 35.2±6.71 | 37.9±5.88* |
| Ever Smoker (% (n)) | 40.4 (57) | 38.2 (47) | 55.6 (10) | 36.0 (31) | 49.0 (24) | 56.3 (9) | 42.9 (42) | 22.2 (6)† |
| Key Variables | ||||||||
| AIx (%) | 23.0±11.0 | 22.7±10.2 | 25.1±15.5 | 22.4±10.6 | 24.4±11.7 | 27.3±12.0 | 23.1±10.7 | 20.4±11.1† |
| AP (mmHg) | 8.0 (5.0–12.0) | 8.00 (5.0–12.0) | 9.50 (5.0–15.0) | 7.00 (4.0–12.0) | 9.00 (6.0–13.3)* | 10.5 (6.0–16.5) | 8.00 (5.0–12.0) | 6.00 (4.3–10.8) |
| SEVR (%) | 142.2±31.1 | 142.1±32.6 | 143.0±18.7 | 147.3±33.0 | 133.3±26.9* | 126.2±26.1* | 143.8±32.1 | 145.5±28.1† |
| Prevalent CAD (% (n)) | 12.5 (18) | --- | --- | 3.4 (3) | 28.0 (14)*** | 37.5 (6)** | 8.0 (8) | 14.3 (4) |
| CAC Score ≥100 (% (n)) | 36.2 (50) | 29.8 (36) | 82.4 (14)*** | --- | --- | 62.5 (10)* | 31.9 (30) | 35.7 (10) |
| Low ABI (% (n)) | 11.1 (16) | 7.9 (10) | 33.3 (6)** | 6.8 (6) | 20.0 (10)* | --- | --- | --- |
| High ABI (% (n)) | 20.3 (28) | 19.0 (24) | 22.2 (4) | 20.5 (18) | 20.0 (10) | --- | --- | --- |
| PWD use (% (n)) | 62.5 (90) | 59.5 (75) | 83.3 (15) | 48.9 (43) | 88.0 (44)*** | 81.3 (13) | 58.0 (58) | 67.9 (19) |
| ACEI/ARB use (% (n)) | 55.9 (80) | 53.6 (67) | 72.2 (13) | 46.6 (41) | 72.0 (36)** | 68.8 (11) | 52.5 (52) | 60.7 (17) |
| Other Variables | ||||||||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 27.2±4.66 | 27.3±4.68 | 27.2±4.68 | 27.2±4.64 | 26.9±4.19 | 27.9±4.59 | 27.2±4.83 | 27.2±4.18 |
| Waist-to-Hip Ratio | 0.87±0.09 | 0.86±0.09 | 0.92±0.07* | 0.86±0.09 | 0.89±0.09* | 0.89±0.11 | 0.86±0.09 | 0.89±0.09* |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.44±1.37 | 7.42±1.40 | 7.57±1.14 | 7.51±1.47 | 7.31±1.20 | 6.99±1.27 | 7.40±1.32 | 7.83±1.52† |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 115.2±15.9 | 115.2±15.8 | 115.8±17.4 | 113.4±15.5 | 119.1±16.5* | 117.6±17.2 | 113.8±15.7 | 118.8±15.6 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 66.4±9.19 | 66.6±9.25 | 65.2±8.95 | 67.6±9.18 | 64.2±9.18* | 60.1±8.59* | 66.7±9.46 | 69.3±6.86†† |
| Hypertension (% (n)) | 20.8 (30) | 19.8 (25) | 27.8 (5) | 18.2 (16) | 26.0 (13) | 18.8 (3) | 21.0 (21) | 21.4 (6) |
| Heart Rate (bpm) | 75.9±12.3 | 76.3±12.5 | 72.9±10.9 | 75.4±12.8 | 76.9±10.9 | 73.6±13.2 | 75.7±12.6 | 77.9±11.0 |
| Non-HDL-c (mg/dl) | 114.3±32.4 | 115.6±33.3 | 104.1±23.8 | 116.6±33.0 | 107.3±28.2 | 114.5±27.2 | 115.6±32.2 | 109.6±36.5 |
| HDL-c (mg/dl) | 59.1±16.5 | 59.7±16.6 | 54.3±15.0 | 60.5±16.8 | 57.0±14.9 | 57.6±18.8 | 59.4±16.2 | 58.7±16.5 |
| Serum Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.00 (0.9–1.1) | 1.00 (0.9–1.3) | 0.90 (0.8–1.1) | 1.00 (0.9–1.2)* | 1.00 (0.9–1.2) | 1.00 (0.8–1.1) | 1.00 (0.9–1.2) |
| WBC Count (×10−9/L) | 6.44±2.01 | 6.31±2.04 | 7.38±1.47* | 6.20±2.07 | 6.84±1.93 | 7.52±2.80* | 6.26±1.82 | 6.43±1.97 |
Continuous variables presented as mean±SD or median (IQR), unless otherwise noted.
ABI categories compared to 0.9 ≤ ABI ≤ 1.3 category;
p<.05,
p<.01,
p<.001;
Linear trend:
p<.05;
p<.01
Abbreviations: EDC, Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications; CAD, coronary artery disease; CAC, coronary artery calcification; LEAD, lower extremity arterial disease; ABI, ankle-brachial index; AIx, Augmentation Index, AP, Augmentation Pressure; SEVR, Subendocardial Viability Ratio; BP, blood pressure; HDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; WBC, white blood cell; ACEI, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, Angiotensin II receptor blocker; PWD, pulse wave drug.