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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009 Nov 12;18(6):1176–1182. doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.409

Table 3.

Table 3A. Biomarkers (paired results) for subjects who completed both visits
Day 1 Day 4
Area Under Curve (AUC) Walnut Placebo P1 P2 Walnut Placebo P1 P2
 Glucose 18332 ± 1091 20540 ± 1230 0.01 0.02 17576 ± 834.1 18332 ± 1091 0.12 0.09
 Insulin 9533 ± 1182 10756 ± 1078 0.30 0.25 11533 ± 1127 11935 ± 1118 0.56 0.58
 FFA 80.79 ± 5.2 78.1 ± 3.8 0.60 0.48 68.14 ± 4.2 67.2 ± 4 0.93 0.71
 AGh 35712 ± 5429 35077 ± 4626 0.46 0.82 29020 ± 5202 25478 ± 3902 0.33 0.28
 TGh 160619 ± 6708 162588 ± 6005 0.76 0.63 142714 ± 7916 140390 ± 8820 0.90 0.72
 GLP 723.06 ± 81.43 755.76 ± 72.34 0.54 0.36 791.45 ± 75.74 811.31 ± 90.47 0.95 0.68
 GIP 40188 ± 4379 49657 ± 6031 0.00 0.01 35643 ± 3678 45517 ± 6580 0.06 0.04
 PYY 19231 ± 2191 16254 ± 1518 0.01 0.01 19626 ± 2632 15688 ± 1639 0.02 0.03
Baseline level
Glucose (mg/dL) 97.43 ± 3.85 101.64 ± 3.74 0.16 0.17 97.79 ± 3.08 97.43 ± 3.851 0.80 0.87
Insulin (μU/mL) 18.25 ± 1.88 19.82 ± 2.55 0.52 0.50 22.58 ± 2.49 27.44 ± 3.46 0.30 0.18
FFA (mmol/L) 0.7 ± 0.06 0.73 ± 0.05 0.50 0.50 0.46 ± 0.04 0.52 ± 0.05 0.05 0.06
AGh (pg/mL) 253.49 ± 38.61 250.68 ± 36.43 0.81 0.89 193.32 ± 36.79 181.17 ± 27.96 0.43 0.61
TGh (pg/mL) 955.79 ± 48.23 956.2 ± 49.1 0.39 0.99 838.84 ± 54.83 829.97 ± 61.11 1.00 0.80
GLP (pmol/mL) 3.44 ± 0.36 3.46 ± 0.29 0.95 0.92 3.44 ± 0.322 3.32 ± 0.343 0.46 0.32
GIP (pg/mL) 55.04 ± 9.5 69.27 ± 11.74 0.13 0.29 46.66 ± 6.05 52.26 ± 9.59 0.79 0.43
PYY (pg/mL) 56.6 ± 7.61 70.58 ± 14.33 0.68 0.38 52.57 ± 9.82 52.62 ± 8.49 0.85 0.99
Leptin (ng/mL) 28.38 ± 5.42 27.01 ± 5.23 0.25 0.30 26.75 ± 5.03 28.32 ± 6.40 0.93 0.51
Adiponectin (ug/mL) 3.96 ± 0.51 3.81 ± 0.46 0.30 0.28 3.48 ± 0.46 3.56 ± 0.44 0.36 0.53
LDL(ng/mL) 398.01 ± 65.06 414.92 ± 54.65 0.90 0.41
sCD40L (ng/mL) 1.37 ± 0.47 1.43 ± 0.46 0.72 0.93
Abbreviations: FFA, free fatty acids; AGh, active ghrelin; TGh, total ghrelin; GLP, glucagon-like peptide; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; PYY, peptide YY
Values are means ± SE
1 p-value is based on Wilcoxon signed rank test
2 p-value is based on paired T-test and mixed model controlled for sequence
Table 3B. Change in biomarkers after 4 days of treatment with walnut or placebo (data based on subjects who completed both visits)
Walnut Placebo P1 P2
Area Under the Curve
 Glucose -785.09 ± 657.60 -2208.21 ± 456.59 0.09 0.08
 Insulin 2000.64 ± 812.30 1178.89 ± 854.01 0.25 0.37
 FFA -12.65 ± 5.64 -10.87 ± 3.28 0.93 0.71
 AGh -6691.38 ± 3055.74 -9598.96 ± 3953.04 0.76 0.47
 TGh -17904.84 ± 3969.25 -22198.79 ± 7133.54 0.50 0.57
 GLP 68.39 ± 24.02 55.55 ± 61.58 0.63 0.83
 GIP -4544.81 ± 3815.86 -4139.68 ± 4540.23 0.84 0.92
 PYY 395.87 ± 1288.87 -566.11 ± 1168.63 0.80 0.46
Baseline level
 Glucose (mg/dL) -0.86 ± 1.70 -4.21 ± 1.70 0.17 0.14
 Insulin (μU/mL) 4.33 ± 2.49 7.62 ± 2.93 0.49 0.33
 FFA (mmol/L) -0.23 ± 0.06 -0.20 ± 0.05 0.82 0.59
 AGh (pg/mL) -60.18 ± 19.44 -69.51 ± 32.40 0.50 0.74
 TGh (pg/mL) -116.95 ± 41.83 -126.24 ± 37.30 0.86 0.86
 GLP (pmol/mL) 0.00 ± 0.14 -0.14 ± 0.16 0.71 0.57
 GIP (pg/mL) -8.38 ± 8.29 -17.01 ± 8.55 0.27 0.52
 PYY (pg/mL) -4.03 ± 6.90 -17.96 ± 16.09 0.64 0.39
 Leptin (ng/mL) -1.62 ± 1.07 1.31 ± 2.84 0.37 0.56
 Adiponectin (ug/mL) -0.48 ± 0.17 -0.26 ± 0.11 0.11 0.21

Abbreviations: FFA, free fatty acids; AGh, active ghrelin; TGh, total ghrelin; GLP, glucagon-like peptide; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; PYY, peptide YY

Values are means ± SE

1

p-value is based on Wilcoxon signed rank test

2

p-value is based on paired T-test and mixed model controlled for sequence