Table 5.
Immunomodulatory Polysaccharide Products: Composition and Structure
| Source | Category | Features | MW | Monosaccharide composition | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agaricus subrufescens (A. blazei) | Extract | β-1,6-D-glucan | 10,000 | NA | [66] |
| Agaricus subrufescens (fruit body) | Extract | α-1,6- and α-1,4 glucans with β-1,6-glucopyranosyl backbone (629.2 mcg/mg polysaccharides, 43.5 mcg/mg protein) | 170,000 | glucose | [24] |
| α-1,4 glucans & β-1,6 glucans with β-1,3 side branches; α-1,6 glucans; β-1,6; 1-3 glucans, β-1,4 glucans; β-1,3 glucans; β-1,6; α-1,3 glucans; riboglucans, galactoglucomannans, β-1,2; β-1,3 glucomannans | NA | glucose, mannose, galactose, ribose | [25,117,118] | ||
| Agaricus subrufescens (mycelia) | Extract (ATOM) | β-1,6-D-glucan, protein complex, 5% protein | 100,000-1,000,000 | glucose, mannose, galactose, ribose | [93] |
| Aloe barbadensis (leaf gel) | Whole tissue | Dry weight: 10% polysaccharides; acemannan, aloemannan, aloeride, pectic acid, galactans, arabinans, glucomannans | average 2,000,000 | mannose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose | [119,120] |
| Extract (aloemannan) | neutral partially acetylated glucomannan, mainly β-1,4-mannans | >200,000 | mannose, glucose | [121] | |
| Extract (aloeride) | NA | 4,000,000-7,000,000 | 37% glucose, 23.9% galactose, 19.5% mannose, 10.3% arabinose | [122] | |
| Extract (acemannan) | β-1,4 acetylated mannan | 80,000 | mannose | [123] | |
| Aloe barbadensis, (leaf gel), Larix sp. (bark), Anogeissus latifolia (bark), Astragalus gummifer (stem), Oryza sativa (seed), glucosamine | Extracts (Ambrotose® powder) | β-1,4 acetylated mannan, arabinogalactans, polysaccharide gums, rice starch, 5.4% protein | 57.3% ≥ 950,000; 26.4% < 950,000 and ≥80,000; 16.3% ≤ 10,000 | mannose, galactose, arabinose, glucose, galacturonic acid, rhamnose, xylose, fructose, fucose, glucosamine, galacturonic acid | (unpublished data, Mannatech Incorporated) |
| Aloe barbadensis (leaf gel), Larix sp. (bark), Undaria pinnatifida (frond), Anogeissus latifolia (bark), Astragalus gummifer (stem), Oryza sativa (seed), glucosamine | Extracts (Advanced Ambrotose® powder) | β-1,4 acetylated mannan, arabinogalactans, polysaccharide gums, fucoidans, rice starch, 6% protein, 1% fatty acids | 13% = 1,686,667; 46% = 960,000 30% <950,000 and ≥70,000; 11% ≤ 10,000 | ||
| Avena spp. (seed endosperm) | Extract | β-1,3;1,4 particulate (1-3 μ) glucans | 1,100,000 | glucose | [43] |
| Avena spp. (seed) | Extract | β-1,4,1,3 particulate glucans (linear chains of β-D-glycopyranosyl units; 70% β 1-4 linked) | 2,000,000 | NA | [41,124] |
| Buplerum falcatum (root) | Extract (bupleuran 2IIc) | 6 linked galactosyl chains with terminal glucuronic acid substituted to β-galactosyl chains | NA | galactose, glucuronic acid, rhamnose | [35] |
| Citrus spp. (fruit) | Extract | α-1,4-linked partially esterified D-anhydrogalacturonic acid units interrupted periodically with 1,2-rhamnose | 70,000-100,000 | galactose, galacturonic acid, arabinose, glucose, xylose, rhamnose | [125] |
| Cladosiphon okamuranus (frond) | Extract | α-1,3-fucopyranose sulfate | 56,000 | fucose:glucuronic acid (6.1:1.0) | [126] |
| Cordyceps sinensis (mycelia) | Extract | β-1,3-D-glucan with 1,6-branched chains | NA | NA | [127] |
| Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (seed) | Extract (guar gum) | Main chain of β-1,4-mannopyranosyl units with α-galactopyranosyl units | 220,000 | mannose, galactose | [36,128] |
| Extract (partially-hydrolyzed guar gum) | NA | 20,000 | mannose, galactose | [50] | |
| Flammulina velutipes | Extract | NA | NA | glucose, mannose, galactose | [117] |
| Flammulina velutipes (fruit body) | Extract | β-1,3 glucan | NA | glucose | [129] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | Whole tissue | Linear β-1,3-glucans with varying degrees of D-glucopyranosyl branching, β-glucan/protein complexes, heteropolysaccharides |
400,000-1,000,000 | glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, uronic acid | [130] |
| Extract | NA | 7,000-9,000 | NA | [67] | |
| Ganoderma lucidum (fruit body) | Extract | NA | 7,000-9,000 | NA | |
| β-linked heteroglycan peptide | 513,000 | fructose, galactose, glucose, rhamnose, xylose (3.167: 0.556:6.89:0.549:3.61) |
[15] | ||
| Ganoderma tsugae | Extract | 55.6% carbohydrates (12.5% polysaccharides); 12% triterpenes, 1.7% sodium, 0.28% protein, 0% lipid | NA | NA | [53] |
| Ginkgo biloba (seed) | Extract | 89.7% polysaccharides | NA | glucose, fructose, galactose, rhamnose | [131] |
| Grifola frondosa | Whole tissue | β-1,3; 1, 6-glucans, α-glucans, mannoxyloglucans, xyloglucans, mannogalactofucans | NA | glucose, fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose | [117] |
| Grifola frondosa (fruit body) | Extract (D fraction) |
β-1,6-glucan with β-1,3 branches, 30% protein | NA | glucose | [132] |
| Extract (X fraction) |
β-1,6-D-glucan with α-1,4 branches, 35% protein | 550,000-558,000 | glucose | ||
| Hordeum spp. (seed) | Extract | β-1,3;1,4-and β-1,3;1,6-D-glucans | 45,000-404,000 | glucose | [75] |
| Primarily linear β-1,3;1,4- glucans | NA | glucose | [124] | ||
|
Laminaria spp. (frond) |
Extract (laminarin) | β-1,3;1-6 glucan | 7,700 | glucose | [29] |
| β-1,3 glucan with some β-1,6 branches and a small amount of protein | 4,500-5,500 | glucose | [44] | ||
| Extract | Fucoidan | NA | NA | [133] | |
| Larix occidentalis (bark) | Extract | β-1,3;1,6-D-galactans with arabinofuranosyl and arabinopyranosyl side chains | 19,000-40,000 | galactose:arabinose (6:1), uronic acid | [128,134] |
| Lentinula edodes | Extract (SME) | β-1,3-glucans (4-5%), α-1,4-glucan (8-10%), protein (11-14%) | NA | glucose | [80] |
| Extract | β-glucan | 1,000 | glucose | [27] | |
| Whole tissue | Linear β-1,3-glucans, β-1,4;1,6-glucans, heterogalactan | NA | glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, xylose | [135] | |
| Extract (lentinan) | β-1,3-glucan with 2 β-1,6 glucopyranoside branchings for every 5 β-1,3-glucopyranoside linear linkages | 500,000 | glucose | [136] | |
|
Lentinula edodes (fruit body) Lentinula edodes |
Extract (lentinan) | Neutral β-1,3-D glucan with two β-1,6 glucoside branches for every five β-1,3 units | 400,000-800,000 | glucose | [137] |
| Extract (KS-2) |
Peptide units and mannan connected by α-glycosidic bonds | 60,000-90,000 | mannose, glucose | ||
| Lentinula edodes (mycelia or fruit body) | Extract | Triple helical β-1,3-D glucan with β-1,6 glucoside branches | 1,000,000 | glucose | [3] |
| Lentinula edodes (mycelia) | Extract (LEM) |
44% sugars, 24.6% protein | ~1,000,000 | xylose, arabinose, glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose | [3] |
| Extract (PG101) | 72.4% polysaccharides, 26.2% protein, 1.4% hexosamine | NA | 55.6% glucose, 25.9% galactose, 18.5% mannose | [138] | |
| Lycium barbarum | Whole tissue | α-1,4;1,6-D-glucans, lentinan, β-1,3;1,6 heteroglucans, heterogalactans, heteromannans, xyloglucans | NA | glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose | [139] |
| Lycium barbarum (fruit body) | Extract (LBP3p) |
88.36% sugars, 7.63% protein | 157,000 | galactose, glucose, rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, xylose (molar ratio of 1:2.12:1.25:1.10:1.95:1.76) | [91] |
| Panax quinquefolium (root) | Extract | Poly-furanosyl-pyranosyl saccharides | NA | arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid | [33] |
| NA | NA | glucose, mannose, xylose | [140] | ||
| Extract (Cold-fX®) |
90% poly-furanosyl-pyranosyl-saccharides | NA | furanose | [20] | |
| Phellinus linteus (fruit body) | Extract | α- and β-linked 1,3 acidic proteoglycan with 1,6 branches | 150,000 | glucose, mannose, arabinose, xylose | [141] |
| Phellinus linteus (mycelia) | Extract | 83.2% polysaccharide (4.4% β-glucan), 6.4% protein, 0.1% fat | NA | glucose | [142] |
| Pholiota nameko (fruit body) | Extract (PNPS-1) | NA | 114,000 | mannose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose (molar ratio of 1:8.4:13.6:29.6:6.2) | [55] |
| Pleurotus ostreatus (mycelia) | Extract | β-1,3;1,6-D-glucans | 316,260 | glucose | [143] |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Extract (WGP) | Particulate β-1,3;1,6-D-glucan | NA | glucose | [144] |
| Extract | β-glucans with β-1,6 branches with a β-1,3 regions | NA | glucose | [124] | |
| Extract (SBG) |
soluble β-1,3-D-glucan with β-1,3 side chains attached with β-1,6 linkages | 20,000 | glucose | [145] | |
| Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (mycelia) | Extract (SSG) |
β-1,3-D-glucan, <1% protein (>98% polysaccharide) | NA | glucose | [83] |
| Sclerotium rofsii | Extract (scleroglucan) | β-1,3;1,6 glucan | 1,000,000 | glucose | [29] |
| Trametes versicolor (fruit body) | Extract (PSP) |
α-1,4, β-1,3 glucans, 10% peptides | 100,000 | glucose, arabinose, mannose, rhamnose | [146] |
| Trametes versicolor (mycelia) | Extract (PSK) |
β-1,4;1,3;1,6-D-glucans, protein | 94,000 | glucose (74.6%), mannose (15.5%), xylose (4.8%), galactose (2.7%), fucose (2.4%) | [137,147] |
| Undaria pinnatifida (sporophyll) | Extract | Galactofucan sulfate | 9,000 | fucose:galactose 1.0:1.1 | [148] |
| Galactofucan sulfate | 63,000 | fucose:galactose:gluc-uronic acid (1.0:1.0:0.04) | [149] | ||
| β-1,3-galactofucan sulphate | 38,000 | fucose, galactose | [150] | ||
| Unidentified source | Extract (modified citrus pectin) | NA | 10,000 | galactose, rhamnose, uronic acid | [125] |
| Extract (highly methoxylated pectin) | NA | 200,000 | NA | [36] | |