Table 2.

Two- and three-dimensional kinematic data (degrees) for the knee-over-foot and knee-medial-to-foot groups, and between groups.

Kinematic variables (degrees)	Knee-over-foot (n = 15)	Knee-medial-to-foot (n = 10)	Knee-over-foot vs knee-medial to foot
	Mean (SE)	Mean (SE)	Mean difference (95% CI)	p-value
2-D
Peak tibial angle §	86.3 (0.4)	89.0 (0.7)	-2.7 (-4.2, -1.2)	0.001
Peak thigh angle §	81.2 (0.5)	77.4 (1.0)	3.8 (1.7, 5.9)	0.001
Peak knee varus-valgus*	-5.0 (0.8)	-11.6 (1.5)	6.6 (3.4, 9.7)	< 0.001
3-D
Peak hip rotation†	4.8 (1.8)	10.6 (2.1)	-5.8 (-11.6, -0.02)	0.049
Peak knee varus-valgus*	-5.0 (1.2)	-6.1 (1.8)	1.1 (-5.5, 3.2)	0.589

* Negative value = valgus, positive value = varus

† Negative value = external rotation, positive value = internal rotation

§ Angles reported relative to the horizontal, with lower values indicating the segment was more medially oriented at the knee