Table 1.
Characteristics of participants according to alcohol consumption categories
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abstainers | 0.1-19.9 g/d | 20.0-39.9 g/d | ≥40.0 g/d | P value | Abstainers | ≥0.1 g/d | P value | |
| Participants, n (%) | 688(47.9) | 386(26.9) | 142(9.9) | 219(15.3) | 1635(90.2) | 177(9.8) | ||
| Age, y | 59.4 (6.0) | 58.1 (5.9) | 58.1 (5.7) | 58.0 (5.8) | 0.60 | 58.5 (6.06) | 58.0 (6.14) | 0.28 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.0 (3.6) | 24.6 (3.0) | 24.0 (3.3) | 23.6 (3.1) | 0.0029 | 24.7 (3.7) | 25.3 (3.9) | 0.05 |
| Waistline, cm | 85.0 (11.1) | 87.2 (9.3) | 85.6 (10.3) | 84.7 (10.1) | 0.01 | 82.1 (10.4) | 83.0 (10.2) | 0.31 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 141.2 (23.0) | 142.1 (22.8) | 143.2 (23.0) | 146.2 (23.4) | 0.04 | 143.6 (25.5) | 140.7 (24.8) | 0.15 |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | NA | 5.2 (2.1,10.3) | 29.4 (23.9,31.8) | 68.4 (51.6,87.7) | < 0.0001 | NA | 1.9(0.9,6.9) | NA |
| Alcohol from liquor, g/d | NA | 3.0 (0.9,5.3) | 15.4(11.7,19.1) | 59.8 (56.8, 62.8) | < 0.0001 | NA | 2.6 (2.3,3.6) | NA |
| Alcohol from beer, g/d | NA | 2.4 (0.3,4.5) | 9.0 (5.6,12.4) | 19.1 (16.4,21.8) | < 0.0001 | NA | 3.4 (2.9,3.8) | NA |
| Alcohol from wine, g/d | NA | 1.4 (3.4) | 4.4 (9.2) | 6.0 (15.5) | NA | 1.9 (10.0) | 1.3 (0.8,1.7) | NA |
| Drinking frequency, % | < 0.0001 | NA | ||||||
| < 1 day/wk | NA | 40.7 | 4.2 | 0.9 | NA | 53.1 | ||
| 1-4 day/wk | NA | 29.5 | 21.1 | 9.1 | NA | 22.6 | ||
| 5-7 day/wk | NA | 29.8 | 74.7 | 90.0 | NA | 24.3 | ||
| Drinking pattern, % | < 0.0001 | NA | ||||||
| Liquor drinkers | NA | 43.0 | 56.3 | 75.3 | NA | 22.6 | ||
| Non-liquor drinkers | NA | 57.0 | 43.7 | 24.7 | NA | 77.4 | ||
| North residence, % | 38.8 | 66.8 | 56.3 | 55.7 | < 0.0001 | 45.9 | 78.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Rural, % | 51.7 | 40.2 | 52.8 | 67.1 | < 0.0001 | 51.0 | 34.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Education >9 years, % | 29.5 | 36.0 | 24.7 | 15.5 | < 0.0001 | 18.4 | 20.9 | 0.41 |
| High physical activity level, % | 49.7 | 56.5 | 66.2 | 65.3 | < 0.0001 | 47.0 | 46.3 | 0.67 |
| Family income, % | < 0.0001 | 0.0002 | ||||||
| < 20,000 rmb/y | 30.3 | 21.5 | 26.8 | 38.6 | 27.7 | 16.4 | ||
| 20,000-39,999 rmb/y | 58.4 | 61.4 | 62.7 | 54.5 | 61.4 | 64.4 | ||
| ≥40,000 rmb/y | 11.3 | 17.1 | 10.5 | 6.8 | 10.9 | 19.2 | ||
| Current smoker, % | 44.6 | 56.2 | 69.0 | 81.7 | < 0.0001 | 4.3 | 15.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Family history of CVD or diabetes, % | 28.8 | 40.4 | 23.2 | 25.1 | < 0.0001 | 30.8 | 40.7 | 0.0075 |
| Nutrients * | ||||||||
| Energy, kcal/day | 2553 (855) | 2622 (833) | 2856 (796) | 3297 (1018) | < 0.0001 | 2018 (566) | 2212 (655) | < 0.0001 |
| Energy without alcohol, kcal/day | 2553(855) | 2576(829) | 2663(798) | 2714(892) | 0.07 | 2018(566) | 2158(647) | < 0.0001 |
| Fat, g/day | 74.4 (25.7) | 82.0 (25.9) | 83.1 (27.0) | 84.1(27.8) | < 0.0001 | 66.8 (19.2) | 74.5 (17.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Protein, g/day | 81.5 (18.2) | 88.0 (18.2) | 87.8 (20.4) | 86.4 (19.9) | < 0.0001 | 65.0 (14.2) | 70.5 (12.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Carbohydrate, g/day | 413.2 (66.0) | 392.4 (65.6) | 389.7 (70.4) | 389.0 (70.1) | < 0.0001 | 305.0 (48.2) | 284.8 (42.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Fiber, g/day | 13.9 (5.8) | 16.2 (6.8) | 14.9 (5.3) | 13.8 (5.6) | < 0.0001 | 12.6 (4.9) | 14.8 (5.5) | < 0.0001 |
NA: Not applicable.
Data are means (SD) or median (inter-quartile range) where appropriate.
* All the nutrients are energy adjusted using residual regression method.