Fig. 2.

Expected soil-nutrient concentration, total plant biomass, and total herbivore biomass as functions of herbivore species richness, when plant species richness is held constant (mean ± 1 SD). Comparison between FWC 1 with specialist herbivores (dotted line) and FWC 2 with generalist herbivores (solid line) is shown. Small histograms on the right in c show the strengths of the complementarity effect (in white) and the selection effect (in black), measured on the same scale as the y axis, for the highest diversity treatment (10 herbivore species). Parameter values: a_i = 0.05i, l_H = l_N = 0.02, l_R = 0.05, m = d = 0.3, V = V_R = 1, k = 20, I = 22; b_ii = 0.005i and b_ji = 0.0005i for generalist herbivores, and for specialist herbivores b_i is equal to the total consumption rate of each herbivore in generalist case.