Table 5.
Multivariable logistic regression analyses of factors associated with oral complementary medicine use overall and for patterns of oral complementary medicine use
| Factors | Any oral CM use | One oral CM versus none | ≥Two oral CMs versus none |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1.75 (1.42–2.15) | 1.83 (1.40–2.41) | 1.64 (1.25–2.16) |
| Age, yr | |||
| <45 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 45–64 | 1.98 (1.55–2.51) | 1.91 (1.41–2.60) | 2.04 (1.49–2.81) |
| 65+ | 2.47 (1.77–3.43) | 2.05 (1.33–3.14) | 2.90 (1.89–4.45) |
| Education | |||
| Secondary | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Diploma, trade qualification | 1.33 (1.07–1.67) | 1.53 (1.15–2.05) | 1.15 (0.85–1.54) |
| University degree | 1.23 (0.91–1.67) | 1.51 (1.01–2.26) | 1.05 (0.71–1.56) |
| Annual household income | |||
| <$20,000 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| $20,001–50,000 | 1.53 (1.15–2.05) | 1.29 (0.90–1.85) | 2.00 (1.34–2.98) |
| $50,001–80,000 | 1.78 (1.27–2.49) | 1.44 (0.95–2.18) | 2.33 (1.46–3.70) |
| ≥$80,001 | 1.64 (1.14–2.37) | 1.20 (0.75–1.92) | 2.30 (1.39–3.77) |
| Chronic disease | |||
| Diagnosed joint pain* | |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Diagnosed arthritis (OA/RA) | 1.41 (1.07–1.85) | 1.70 (1.20–2.43) | .17 (0.82–1.68) |
| Undiagnosed joint pain | 1.26 (1.01–1.59) | 1.26 (0.94–1.71) | 1.29 (0.95–1.74) |
| Depressive symptoms CES-D | |||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Mild | 2.13 (1.52–3.00) | 3.03 (2.06–4.45) | 1.05 (0.63–1.75) |
| Moderate/Severe | 1.78 (1.07–2.97) | 2.14 (1.18–3.87) | 1.57 (0.77–3.20) |
| Risk factors | |||
| Smoking status | |||
| Current | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Never | 1.07 (0.80–1.43) | 0.81 (0.57–1.14) | 1.65 (1.05–2.59) |
| Former | 1.20 (0.88–1.59) | 0.70 (0.49–1.01) | 2.39 (1.52–3.77) |
| BMI† | |||
| Normal | 1.23 (0.96–1.57) | 1.06 (0.78–1.48) | 1.47 (1.06–2.03) |
| Overweight | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) | 0.82 (0.61–1.12) | 0.78 (0.56–1.08) |
| Obese | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Health service use in previous 12 months | |||
| Primary care provider | |||
| No visits | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–4 | 3.77 (2.24–6.33) | 2.68 (1.42–5.07) | 5.96 (2.62–13.5) |
| 5+ | 3.62 (2.13–6.17) | 2.41 (1.25–4.63) | 6.21 (2.70–14.3) |
| Psychologist | |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2.89 (1.51–5.53) | 1.53 (0.64–3.66) | 4.27 (2.00–9.13) |
| Alternative practitioners‡ | |||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2.62 (1.87–3.66) | 1.38 (0.85–2.23) | 4.59 (3.11–6.78) |
| Risk aversion | |||
| Risk-takers | 1.35 (0.96–1.91) | 1.23 (0.78–1.94) | 1.39 (0.89–2.17) |
| Moderately averse | 1.20 (0.94–1.53) | 1.33 (0.97–1.81) | 1.06 (0.77–1.47) |
| Highly averse | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Decision-making preferences | |||
| Patient decides | 1.38 (1.08–1.77) | 1.31 (0.96–1.79) | 1.54 (1.11–2.15) |
| Shared decision | 1.49 (1.16–1.92) | 1.30 (0.94–1.80) | 1.80 (1.28–2.53) |
| Doctor decides | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
*
Notes: Pain/stiffness in at least one site including hand, foot, shoulder, hip, and knee;
†
clinic determined;
‡
includes visits to naturopath, osteopath.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CI, confidence interval; CM, complementary medicine; OA, osteoarthritis; OR, odds ratio; RA, rheumatoid arthritis.