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Urinary concentrations of Slc6a transporter substrates are elevated in Hnf1a-null mice. The concentration of proline, glycine betaine, and pipecolic acid was determined by triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry in wild-type and Hnf1α-null mouse urine. Values are normalized to millimoles of creatinine. Significant changes from wild type are indicated (*, P ≤ 0.05; **, P ≤ 0.005). KO, Knockout; WT, wild type.
