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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009 Dec 17;34(3):519–527. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01117.x

Table 3.

Zero Inflated Negative Binomial Models for Injuries due to Accidents, Assaults, and Traffic Crashes Among Youth Aged 18 to 20 (n = 1,646)

Accident injuries
 Assault injuries
 Traffic injuries
Variable b SE P b SE P b SE P
Constant 0.256 0.062 <0.001 −0.144 0.064 0.025 0.215 0.068 0.002
Population and density
 Population (× 1,000) 0.285 0.010 <0.001 0.321 0.014 <0.001 0.335 0.011 <0.001
 Population per mile (× 1,000) −0.336 0.213 −18.336 2.024 <0.001 −9.553 1.023 <0.001
Lagged population and density
 Population (× 1,000) 0.173 0.030 <0.001 0.251 0.035 <0.001 0.258 0.033 <0.001
 Population per mile (× 1,000) −0.032 1.186 0.416 1.127 0.345 1.043
Local population characteristics
 Unstable poor 22.814 4.894 <0.001 51.105 6.174 <0.001 28.920 5.149 <0.001
 Stable wealthy 12.605 2.680 <0.001 8.548 3.191 0.007 9.927 2.817 <0.001
 Immigrant Hispanic −0.695 4.866 18.369 5.784 0.002 −3.764 4.985
 Rural majority 10.281 4.048 0.011 −4.380 4.466 4.623 4.025
Lagged population characteristics
 Unstable poor −19.673 5.758 <0.001 −33.402 7.119 <0.001 −23.885 5.879 <0.001
 Stable wealthy −6.472 4.342 6.973 4.648 −6.211 4.748
 Immigrant Hispanic −17.787 6.116 0.004 9.266 7.155 −6.206 6.279
 Rural majority −0.300 5.178 −24.583 5.765 <0.001 −1.975 5.516
Local place density
 Off-premise outlets 0.563 0.139 <0.001 0.429 0.155 0.006 0.518 0.144 <0.001
 Restaurants 0.038 0.088 −0.027 0.090 −0.032 0.084
 Bars or pubs −0.164 0.183 0.194 0.198 0.076 0.173
 Nonalcohol other retail 0.037 0.040 0.008 0.022 0.001 0.028
 Nonalcohol food retail −0.936 0.575 −1.055 0.670 −0.747 0.639
 Nonalcohol services −0.667 0.198 <0.001 −0.515 0.251 0.040 −0.190 0.228
 Vacant housing 0.013 0.003 <0.001 0.017 0.003 <0.001 0.003 0.003
Lagged place density
 Off-premise outlets 0.657 0.268 0.014 0.463 0.275 0.037 0.305
 Restaurants −0.052 0.096 −0.039 0.188 −0.010 0.091
 Bars or pubs −0.212 0.380 0.134 0.400 −0.446 0.672
 Nonalcohol other retail 0.043 0.075 −0.148 0.073 0.043 0.017 0.071
 Nonalcohol food retail −0.869 0.959 0.808 0.978 −1.288 1.039
 Nonalcohol services −0.277 0.288 −0.052 0.422 0.362 0.370
 Vacant housing 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.007 −0.003 0.006
Over-dispersion 0.180 0.029 <0.001 0.164 0.034 <0.001 0.255 0.035 <0.001
Zero inflation −2.275 0.194 <0.001 −2.395 0.208 <0.001 −3.035 0.328 <0.001
Residual spatial autocorrelation 0.008 0.015 −0.001 0.001 −0.001 0.002

Note: p-values are shown only for effects significantly different from zero at the 0.05 level.