Table 1.

Multipotential drugs for TBI

Multipotential drug	Targeted secondary injury mechanism	Reference
Statins	Excitotoxicity	[28]
	Apoptosis	[30, 32]
	Inflammation	[27, 35, 36]
	Edema	[27, 35]
	BBB disruption	[35]
Progesterone	Excitotoxicity	[46]
	Apoptosis	[47–49]
	Oxidative stress	[50]
	Inflammation	[52, 53]
	Edema	[49, 54]
Cyclosporine A	Mitochondrial dysfunction	[64, 66, 70, 71]
	Calpain activation	[67, 71]
	Apoptosis	[64]
	Oxidative stress	[71, 72]
Diketopiperazine	Apoptosis	[76, 77, 80]
	Calpain and cathepsin activation	[76, 79]
	Inflammation	[80]
Cell cycle inhibitors	Apoptosis	[88–91]
	Inflammation	[87, 88, 91]
PARP inhibitors	Apoptosis	[103]
	Inflammation	[104–106]