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Changes in the gastric epithelial cells due to the activation of Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island-related molecules. H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; iE-DAP: γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; NF-κB, Nuclear factor κB; NOD1: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1; PAR1: Partitioning-defective-1; SHP-2: Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2; cagPAI: cag pathogenicity island.
