Table 3.

Affective vulnerability in humans and cross-species phenocopies of affective vulnerability in rodents

Type	Affective vulnerability in humans	Suitable test/observation	Outcomes	GR transgenic	BAG1 transgenic	BAG1+/−
General	Absence of neurological diseases	Growth and appearance	No change	No change	No change	No change
		General behavior
	Euthymic mood	Batteries for depression and mania phenocopies	No change	No change	No change	No change
Vulnerability to depression	Stress coping deficits	Immobility in forced swim and tail suspension tests	No change/more	Increased	No change	No change
		Response to helplessness induction	Increased	No data	No change	No change
		Recovery from helplessness	Less/lost	No data	Enhanced	Reduced
		Response to chronic stress	Increased	No data	No data	No data
		Recovery from chronic stress	Less/lost	No data	No data	No data
		Response to monoamine depletion in tests for anhedonia-like behaviors	Increased	No data	No data	No data
Vulnerability to mania	Psychostimulants cause mania relapse	Psychostimulant challenge test	Increased	NA	Enhanced recovery	No change
		Behavioral sensitization	Increased	Increased	Reduced	Increased
	Circadian shift/jetlag triggers mania relapse	Circadian shift/sleep deprivation-induced behavioral changes	Increased	No data	No data	No data
Treatments for depression and mania	Antidepressants	Behavioral response to antidepressants	Either (1) not effective; (2) prevent the induction of depression-like behaviors; or (3) worsen manialike behaviors	Increased	NA	No data
	Mood stabilizers	Behavioral response to mood stabilizers	Not effective or preventive	No data	NA	No data

Abbreviations: BAG1, Bcl-2-associated athanogene-1; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; NA, not applicable; Vmat2, vesicular monoamine transporter 2.