Table 1.
Summary of the Studies Included in the Primary Meta-Analysis
| Study | Sample size (substance users only) |
Type of substance cue presented |
Treatment seeking? |
Type of craving measure |
Type of task (attentional bias measure) | Correlation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attwood et al. (2008) | 54 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item and VAS | Visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) | .26 |
| Baxter & Hinson (2001; Exp. 2) | 77 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Dual task procedure (reaction time) | .18 |
| Bradley et al. (2003; Exp. 1) | 20 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) | .25 |
| Bradley et al. (2003; Exp. 2) | 24 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 500- and 2,000-ms SOAs (reaction time) | .29 |
| Bradley et al. (2004) | 20 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item and VAS | Visual probe task, 200- and 2,000-ms SOAs (reaction time) | .25 |
| Bradley et al. (2007) | 10 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 2,00-ms SOA (reaction time, eye movement initial orientation, gaze duration) |
.28 |
| Bradley et al. (2008) | 22 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 200- and 2,000-ms SOAs (reaction time) | −.02 |
| Copersino et al. (2004) | 20 | Cocaine | Yes | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .35 |
| Duka & Townshend (2004; placebo group) | 14 | Alcohol | No | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) and visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) |
.l8 |
|
Duka & Townshend (2004; 0.3 g/kg alcohol group) |
14 | Alcohol | No | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) and visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) |
.14 |
|
Duka & Townshend (2004; 0.6 g/kg alcohol group) |
14 | Alcohol | No | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) and visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) |
.05 |
| Field (2005) | 28 | Cannabis | No | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .54 |
| Field, Christiansen, et al. (2007) | 90 | Alcohol | No | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .42 |
| Field, Duka, et al. (2007) | 60 | Alcohol | No | Multi-item and VAS | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) and visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) |
.11 |
| Field & Eastwood (2005) | 40 | Alcohol | No | Multi-item and VAS | Visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) | .21 |
| Field et al. (2004) | 40 | Alcohol | No | VAS | Visual probe task, 2,000-ms SOA (reaction time) | .34 |
| Field et al. (2006) | 23 | Cannabis | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 200-ms SOA (reaction time); visual probe task, 2,000-ms SOA (reaction time and eye movement gaze duration) |
−.07 |
| Field, Mogg, & Bradley (2004a) | 17 | Cannabis | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) | .56 |
| Field, Mogg, & Bradley (2004b) | 23 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item and VAS | Visual probe task, 2,000-ms SOA (reaction time, eye movement initial orienting, eye movement gaze duration) |
.22 |
| Field, Mogg, & Bradley (2005a) | 50 | Alcohol | No | Multi-item and VAS | Visual probe task, 500-ms & 2,000-ms SOAs (reaction time) | .24 |
| Field, Mogg, & Bradley (2005b) | 19 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item and VAS | Visual probe task, 2,000-ms SOA (reaction time, eye movement initial orienting, eye movement gaze duration) |
.36 |
| Field & Powell (2007; stress induction group) | 22 | Alcohol | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) | .58 |
| Field & Powell (2007; control group) | 22 | Alcohol | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) | −.07 |
| Field, Rush, et al. (2007) | 30 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .11 |
| Franken et al. (2003) | 19 | Heroin | Yes | Multi-item | ERP (P3/slow wave) | .35 |
| Franken et al. (2008) | 23 | Cocaine | Yes | Multi-item | ERP (P3/slow wave) | .45 |
| Franken, Hendriks, et al. (2004) | 17 | Heroin | Yes | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .08 |
| Franken, Hulstijn, et al. (2004) | 21 | Cocaine | Yes | Multi-item | ERP (P3/slow wave) | .55 |
| Franken, Kroon, & Hendriks (2000) | 16 | Cocaine | Yes | VAS | Visual probe task, 100-ms and 500-ms SOAs (reaction time) | .42 |
| Franken, Kroon, et al. (2000) | 21 | Heroin | Yes | VAS | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .23 |
| Hitsman et al. (2008) | 14 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .22 |
| Hogarth et al. (2003; Exp. 1) | 10 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) | .34 |
| Hogarth et al. (2003; Exp. 2) | 36 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) | .21 |
|
Juliano & Brandon (1998; smoking available group only) |
32 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Dual task procedure (reaction time) | .38 |
| Leventhal et al. (2007) | 199 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .04 |
| Littel & Franken (2007) | 39 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | ERP (slow wave) | .32 |
| Lubman et al. (2008) | 16 | Heroin | Yes | VAS | ERP (P3) | .54 |
| Marissen et al. (2006) | 110 | Heroin | Yes | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .23 |
| Mogg & Bradley (2002) | 27 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item and VAS | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) and visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) |
.35 |
| Mogg et al. (2003) | 20 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item and VAS | Visual probe task, 2,000-ms SOA (reaction time and eye movement gaze duration) |
.52 |
| Mogg et al. (2005) | 41 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 2,000-ms SOA (reaction time, eye movement initial orienting, eye movement gaze duration) |
.30 |
| Munafò et al. (2005; abstinent group) | 14 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) and attentional blink task (blink survival) |
.19 |
| Munafò et al. (2005; satiated group) | 20 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) and attentional blink task (blink survival) |
.25 |
| Munafò et al. (2007; tyrosine-balanced group) | 10 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .43 |
| Munafò et al. (2007; tyrosine-depleted group) | 10 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | −.26 |
| Namkoong et al. (2004) | 16 | Alcohol | Yes | VAS | ERP (P3/slow wave) | .51 |
| Noel et al. (2006) | 36 | Alcohol | Yes | VAS | Visual probe task, 50-, 500-, and 1,250-ms SOAs (reaction time) | −.11 |
| Rosse et al. (1997) | 19 | Cocaine | Yes | Multi-item | Eye movement gaze duration | .42 |
| Sayette et al. (1994) | 24 | Alcohol | Yes | VAS | Dual task procedure (reaction time) | .52 |
| Sayette et al. (2001; abstinent heavy smokers) | 32 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Dual task procedure (reaction time) | .40 |
| Sayette et al. (2001; satiated heavy smokers) | 28 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Dual task procedure (reaction time) | .14 |
|
Sayette et al. (2001; abstinent tobacco chippers) |
30 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Dual task procedure (reaction time) | .35 |
|
Sayette et al. (2001; satiated tobacco chippers) |
30 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Dual task procedure (reaction time) | .06 |
| Sayette & Hufford (1994; Exp. 1) | 40 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Dual task procedure (reaction time) | .19 |
| Sayette & Hufford (1994; Exp. 2) | 31 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Dual task procedure (reaction time) | .23 |
| Schoenmakers et al. (2007) | 106 | Alcohol | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) | .06 |
| Schoenmakers et al. (2008) | 23 | Alcohol | No | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 2,000-ms SOA (reaction time, eye movement initial orienting, eye movement gaze duration) |
.06 |
| Townshend & Duka (2007) | 35 | Alcohol | Yes | Multi-item | Visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) | −.31 |
| van den Wildenberg et al. (2006) | 48 | Alcohol | No | VAS | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | −.03 |
| Warren & McDonough (1999) | 20 | Tobacco | No | VAS | ERP (slow wave) | −.14 |
| Waters et al. (2003, 2004) | 158 | Tobacco | Yes | VAS | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) and dual task procedure (reaction time) |
.07 |
| Waters & Feyerabend (2000) | 48 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | −.12 |
| Waters & Li (2008) | 22 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | −.13 |
|
Wertz & Sayette (2001b; smoking available group) |
30 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | −.08 |
|
Wertz & Sayette (2001b; smoking unavailable group) |
29 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .08 |
|
Wertz & Sayette (2001b; 50% chance of smoking group) |
31 | Tobacco | No | VAS | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .13 |
| Yeomans et al. (2005) | 32 | Caffeine | No | VAS | Visual probe task, 500-ms SOA (reaction time) | .43 |
| Zack et al. (2001) | 16 | Tobacco | No | Multi-item | Addiction Stroop task (reaction time) | .51 |
Note. VAS = visual analogue scales; SOA = stimulus onset asynchrony; ERP = event-related potential; P3 = late positive wave.