Table 10.
Caste, Religion, Region, and Language: District–Level Aggregates
| Variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religious | 0.141 (0.230) | −0.099 (0.250) | 0.021 (0.270) | −0.024 (0.310) | −0.023 (0.390) | 0.058 (0.470) | |
| Landholder | 0.135 (0.091) | 0.049 (0.120) | 0.299* (0.140) | 0.290* (0.140) | 0.330† (0.190) | 0.282 (0.210) | |
| Cultivator | 0.312* (0.130) | 0.150 (0.160) | 0.541** (0.200) | 0.512* (0.220) | 0.517† (0.270) | 0.522* (0.280) | |
| Trader | −0.147 (0.330) | 0.220 (0.480) | 0.382 (0.490) | 0.454 (0.540) | 0.593 (0.600) | 0.494 (0.610) | |
| Professional | 3.773** (0.680) | 3.161** (0.720) | 4.719** (0.740) | 4.706** (0.750) | 4.884** (0.830) | 4.496** (0.870) | |
| Other | −0.296† (0.170) | −0.050 (0.250) | −0.343 (0.250) | −0.340 (0.260) | −0.279 (0.300) | −0.168 (0.300) | |
| Tribe | 0.183 (0.150) | 0.214 (0.150) | 0.367* (0.160) | 0.368* (0.170) | 0.560* (0.240) | 0.437† (0.240) | |
| Agricultural Labor | 0.258 (0.170) | 0.012 (0.210) | 0.203 (0.220) | 0.195 (0.230) | 0.306 (0.290) | 0.271 (0.310) | |
| Service | −4.090** (1.040) | −2.441† (1.260) | −3.178* (1.340) | −3.067* (1.380) | −3.561* (1.690) | −3.728* (1.850) | |
| Punjab | 0.159* (0.075) | 0.074 (0.093) | 0.022 (0.110) | 0.059 (0.170) | 0.022 (0.180) | ||
| Bengal | 0.033 (0.065) | −0.077 (0.075) | −0.072 (0.077) | −0.105 (0.120) | −0.070 (0.120) | ||
| Rain | 0.000** (0.000) | 0.000** (0.000) | 0.000* (0.000) | 0.000† (0.000) | |||
| Alluvial | 0.011 (0.029) | 0.012 (0.029) | 0.018 (0.035) | 0.017 (0.034) | |||
| Black | −0.087 (0.053) | −0.085 (0.054) | −0.080 (0.058) | −0.100* (0.059) | |||
| Coast | −0.034 (0.047) | −0.030 (0.049) | −0.018 (0.059) | −0.012 (0.059) | |||
| Hindu | 0.053 (0.150) | 0.065 (0.170) | 0.028 (0.210) | ||||
| Aryan (Central) | 0.056 (0.041) | 0.082 (0.140) | 0.060 (0.140) | ||||
| Aryan (North) | 0.215** (0.042) | 0.091 (0.150) | 0.057 (0.160) | ||||
| Aryan (East) | 0.031 (0.042) | 0.052 (0.140) | 0.024 (0.140) | ||||
| Aryan (South) | −0.222 (0.750) | −1.406 (2.400) | −0.238 (5.170) | ||||
| Munda | −0.271 (0.400) | −0.316 (0.450) | −0.246 (0.450) | ||||
| Hilly (East) | 0.215 (0.170) | −0.053 (0.330) | 0.062 (0.410) | ||||
| Hilly (North) | 0.156** (0.050) | 0.164 (0.160) | 0.108 (0.220) | ||||
| Constant | 0.949** (0.056) | 0.922** (0.100) | 0.757** (0.130) | 0.704** (0.200) | 0.981** (0.028) | 0.633** (0.230) | 0.702* (0.270) |
| Number of Observations | 95 | 95 | 85 | 85 | 95 | 85 | 85 |
| R2 | .45 | .49 | .62 | .62 | .31 | .63 | .57 |
Notes: In column 7, the F statistic is 2.55 for the group of caste variables, 0.44 for languages, 1.90 for geography variables, and 0.12 for religion. Standard errors are in parentheses. Column 8 uses the square root of the district population as weights.
†
p < .10;
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01