Table 6.
Caste, Religion, and Sex Ratios: All Provinces Combined
| Variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religious | 0.060** (0.012) | 0.055** (0.012) | 0.055** (0.012) | 0.054** (0.010) | 0.054** (0.010) | 0.055** (0.010) | 0.055** (0.010) |
| Landholder | 0.030** (0.009) | 0.035** (0.009) | 0.033** (0.009) | 0.043** (0.007) | 0.043** (0.007) | 0.042** (0.007) | 0.042** (0.007) |
| Cultivator | 0.019 (0.012) | 0.010 (0.012) | 0.003 (0.012) | 0.005 (0.010) | 0.005 (0.010) | 0.000 (0.010) | 0.000 (0.010) |
| Trader | 0.020 (0.013) | 0.050** (0.013) | 0.046** (0.013) | 0.038** (0.011) | 0.038** (0.011) | 0.034** (0.011) | 0.034** (0.011) |
| Professional | 0.014 (0.015) | 0.027 (0.016) | 0.023 (0.016) | −0.004 (0.013) | −0.004 (0.013) | −0.007 (0.013) | −0.007 (0.013) |
| Agricultural Labor | 0.014 (0.012) | −0.005 (0.012) | −0.015 (0.012) | −0.014 (0.010) | −0.014 (0.010) | −0.021* (0.010) | −0.021* (0.010) |
| Service | −0.015 (0.015) | −0.002 (0.016) | −0.003 (0.016) | 0.002 (0.013) | 0.002 (0.013) | 0.002 (0.013) | 0.002 (0.013) |
| Tribe | 0.018 (0.016) | 0.029† (0.016) | 0.021 (0.016) | 0.015 (0.014) | 0.015 (0.014) | 0.009 (0.014) | 0.009 (0.014) |
| Other | −0.036** (0.011) | −0.001 (0.012) | −0.001 (0.012) | −0.004 (0.010) | −0.004 (0.010) | −0.003 (0.010) | −0.003 (0.010) |
| Rain | 0.000** (0.000) | 0.000** (0.000) | |||||
| Coast | −0.007 (0.009) | −0.009 (0.009) | |||||
| Alluvial | 0.049** (0.007) | 0.050** (0.007) | |||||
| Black | −0.011 (0.013) | −0.012 (0.013) | |||||
| Hindu | 0.056** (0.010) | 0.047** (0.008) | 0.047** (0.008) | ||||
| Punjab | 0.163** (0.011) | 0.179** (0.012) | 0.275* (0.110) | 0.270* (0.110) | |||
| Bengal | 0.017† (0.010) | 0.017† (0.009) | 0.205 (0.170) | 0.196 (0.170) | |||
| District Fixed Effects | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| F Statistic (caste) | 5.15 | 5.39 | |||||
| F Statistic (geography) | 34.18 | 34.94 | |||||
| F Statistic (religion) | 33.66 | ||||||
| Constant | 1.031** (0.006) | 0.898** (0.012) | 0.849** (0.014) | 1.221** (0.021) | 0.946** (0.110) | 1.181** (0.022) | 0.912** (0.110) |
| Number of Observations | 5,714 | 4,792 | 4,792 | 5,714 | 5,714 | 5,714 | 5,714 |
| R2 | .01 | .13 | .13 | .33 | .33 | .33 | .33 |
Notes: Muslim is the omitted religion category; artisan is the omitted caste group; Bengal is the omitted province. All regressions are weighted with weights equal to the square root of population in caste i, religion r, and district j. We also repeat the full specification in column 5 without putting weights in the equation. The unweighted coefficients are only slightly bigger than weighted coefficients, but they are not statistically different. Fewer observations in columns 2 and 3 are due to the unavailability of geography data for the full set of districts. Standard errors are in parentheses.
†
p < .10;
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01