Table 1.
Summary of preclinical studies related to anaesthetic neurotoxicity with functional outcomes
| Agents | Species | In vivo effects | Tests |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isoflurane7,10–12,24 | Rats | Learning | Open field maze |
| Memory | Radial arm maze | ||
| Spatial memory | Fear conditioning | ||
| Spontaneous motor activity | Object recognition | ||
| Attention | IntelliCage | ||
| Balance beam | |||
| Water maze | |||
| Sevoflurane32,45 | Mice | Learning | Open field |
| Social memory | Elevated plus maze, Y-maze | ||
| Fear conditioning | |||
| Social recognition, social interaction | |||
| Olfactory and novelty tests | |||
| Propofol20,32 | Mice | Spontaneous activity | Spontaneous motor activity |
| Learning | Radial arm maze | ||
| Spatial memory | Elevated plus maze | ||
| Water maze | |||
| Hole board | |||
| Phenobarbital/thiopental9,11 | Rats | Reduced hippocampus-dependent behaviour performance | Balanced beam |
| Open field maze | |||
| Elevated plus maze | |||
| N2O7,24 | Rats | Learning | Radial arm maze |
| Memory | Water maze | ||
| Spontaneous motor activity | |||
| Attention | |||
| Midazolam7,24 | Rats | Learning | Radial arm maze |
| Memory | Water maze | ||
| Spontaneous motor activity | |||
| Attention | |||
| Ketamine7,20 | Mice | Reduced hippocampus-dependent behaviour performance | Spontaneous motor activity |
| Radial arm maze | |||
| Elevated plus maze |