TABLE 3.
Coefficients on Neighborhood Food Environment Variables From Ordinary Least Squares Models of Obesity: NLSY79, 1998–2004
| Model 1, b Coefficient (SE) | Model 2, b Coefficient (SE) | Model 3, b Coefficient (SE) | |
| Neighborhood food environment variables | |||
| Supermarket density per square mile | −0.0089 (0.0085) | −0.0018 (0.0087) | |
| Small grocery store density per square mile | 0.002* (0.0012) | 0.0022* (0.0013) | |
| Convenience and specialty store density per square mile | 0.001 (0.0021) | 0.0024 (0.0021) | |
| Limited-service restaurant density per square mile | −0.0006 (0.001) | −0.0006 (0.001) | |
| Full-service restaurant density per square mile | −0.0004 (0.0005) | −0.0006 (0.0005) | |
| Urban neighborhood food environment variables | |||
| Supermarket density × urbana | −0.0028 (0.0088) | ||
| Small grocery store density × urban | 0.0027** (0.0014) | ||
| Convenience and specialty store density × urban | 0.0024 (0.0021) | ||
| Limited-service restaurant density × urban | −0.0008 (0.001) | ||
| Full-service restaurant density × urban | −0.0005 (0.0006) | ||
| Rural Neighborhood food environment variables | |||
| Supermarket density × ruralb | −0.0073 (0.0694) | ||
| Small grocery store density × rural | 0.0032 (0.004) | ||
| Convenience and specialty store density × rural | 0.0104 (0.0225) | ||
| Limited-service restaurant density × rural | 0.0064 (0.0079) | ||
| Full-service restaurant density × rural | −0.0055 (0.0059) | ||
| Model statistics | |||
| Included controls for personal characteristics and zip code area poverty rate and population densityc | No | Yes | Yes |
| Included individual fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.7474 | 0.7499 | 0.7500 |
Note. The sample size was n = 27 825.
Urban was an indicator variable equal to 1 in a survey year if a respondent lived in an urban area in that survey year.
Rural was an indicator variable equal to 1 in a survey year if a respondent lived in a rural area in that survey year.
Personal characteristics controlled for were : respondent's long-term Food Stamp Program participation, long-term family income, age, age-squared, family size, pregnancy status, highest grade of school completed, marital status, number of weeks worked in the previous calendar year, vehicle ownership, frequency of light physical activity, frequency of heavy physical activity, region, and urbanicity of residence.
*P = .1; **P = .05.