TABLE 1.
Demographic, Clinical, and Risk Factor Characteristics of Tuberculosis (TB) Patients, by Birth Country and Ethnicity: United States, 2000–2007
| Foreign-Born Filipinos (n = 7 038), No. (%) | Other Foreign-Born APIs (n = 19 559), No. (%) | US-Born Non-Hispanic Whites (n = 18 907), No. (%) | |
| Age at diagnosis, y | |||
| > 44 | 4 306 (61.2) | 9 323 (47.7) | 14 042 (74.3) |
| ≤ 44 | 2 731 (38.8) | 10 233 (52.3) | 4 862 (25.7) |
| Age at entry into the United States, ya | |||
| > 44 | 2 379 (33.8) | 14 641 (74.9) | NA |
| ≤ 44 | 4 659 (66.2) | 4 918 (25.1) | NA |
| Residence in the United States, y | |||
| < 2 | 3 107 (44.1) | 8 099 (41.4) | NA |
| 2–5 | 648 (9.2) | 2 376 (12.1) | NA |
| > 5 | 3 283 (46.6) | 9 084 (46.4) | NA |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 3 250 (46.2) | 8 728 (45.6) | 6 174 (32.7) |
| Male | 3 787 (53.8) | 10 829 (55.4) | 12 729 (67.3) |
| Mortality at diagnosis | |||
| Deceased | 68 (1.0) | 244 (1.2) | 763 (4.0) |
| Living | 6 969 (99.0) | 19 305 (98.7) | 18 136 (95.9) |
| Type of TB disease | |||
| Extrapulmonary | 1 380 (19.6) | 5 441 (27.8) | 2 655 (14.0) |
| Extrapulmonary and pulmonary | 415 (5.9) | 1 511 (7.7) | 1 140 (6.0) |
| Pulmonary | 5 241 (74.5) | 12 601 (64.4) | 15 101 (79.9) |
| Chest radiograph result | |||
| Abnormal | 5 946 (84.5) | 15 521 (79.4) | 16 919 (89.5) |
| Normal | 964 (13.7) | 3 604 (18.4) | 1 468 (7.8) |
| Cavitation on chest radiographb | |||
| Cavitary | 1 214 (20.8) | 3 010 (19.9) | 4 811 (29.0) |
| Noncavitary, consistent with TB | 4 312 (73.7) | 11 090 (73.3) | 10 138 (61.2) |
| Noncavitary, not consistent with TB | 254 (4.3) | 795 (5.3) | 1 302 (7.9) |
| Drug resistancec | |||
| INH monoresistance | 718 (13.0) | 1 670 (10.7) | 511 (3.5) |
| RIF monoresistance | 10 (0.2) | 43 (0.3) | 52 (0.4) |
| INH and RIF resistance (multidrug resistance) | 92 (1.7) | 315 (2.0) | 59 (0.4) |
| Susceptible to INH and RIF | 4 700 (85.1) | 13 563 (87.0) | 13 826 (95.7) |
| Sputum smear test | |||
| Positive | 2 009 (28.6) | 6 066 (31.0) | 7 188 (38.0) |
| Not done | 1 196 (17.0) | 4 286 (21.9) | 4 354 (23.0) |
| Negative | 3 809 (54.1) | 9 133 (46.7) | 7 282 (38.5) |
| Therapyd | |||
| Any DOT | 4 848 (70.2) | 13 035 (68.2) | 13 876 (77.1) |
| Self-therapy style | 1 493 (21.6) | 4 292 (22.4) | 2 976 (16.6) |
| Completed therapyd | |||
| Yes | 3 947 (82.4) | 10 872 (81.8) | 10 436 (83.5) |
| No | 841 (17.6) | 2 423 (18.2) | 2 060 (16.5) |
| Outcomed | |||
| Died | 306 (4.4) | 888 (4.6) | 2 081 (11.6) |
| Lost to follow-up | 73 (1.1) | 351 (1.8) | 214 (1.2) |
| Moved | 270 (3.9) | 644 (3.4) | 161 (0.9) |
| Completed | 5 563 (80.5) | 14 961 (78.2) | 13 796 (76.7) |
| Provider typee | |||
| Private | 1 848 (26.5) | 4 559 (23.6) | 3 971 (21.9) |
| Public | 4 544 (65.3) | 12 923 (66.9) | 12 993 (71.6) |
| HIV statusf | |||
| Positive | 27 (0.8) | 191 (1.6) | 796 (4.8) |
| Refused | 295 (9.0) | 1 783 (15.2) | 1 783 (10.7) |
| Not offered | 751 (23.0) | 2 210 (18.9) | 3 665 (22.0) |
| Negative | 1 906 (58.4) | 6 585 (56.3) | 9 288 (55.7) |
| Homeless in past 12 mo | |||
| Yes | 48 (0.7) | 174 (0.9) | 1 864 (9.9) |
| No | 6 938 (98.6) | 19 121 (97.8) | 16 882 (89.3) |
| Resident of correctional facility | |||
| Yes | 18 (0.3) | 109 (0.6) | 606 (3.2) |
| No | 7 010 (99.6) | 19 427 (99.3) | 18 280 (96.7) |
| Resident of long-term health care facility | |||
| Yes | 82 (1.2) | 217 (1.1) | 1 116 (5.9) |
| No | 6 944 (98.7) | 19 314 (98.7) | 17 763 (93.9) |
| Occupation in past 24 mog | |||
| Health care worker | 647 (9.2) | 481 (2.5) | 460 (2.4) |
| Migrant worker | 14 (0.2) | 15 (0.1) | 14 (0.1) |
| Unemployed | 1 748 (24.8) | 5 780 (29.6) | 5 055 (26.7) |
| Other employment | 2 589 (36.8) | 8169 (41.8) | 5 485 (29.0) |
| Excessive alcohol use | |||
| Yes | 273 (3.9) | 571 (2.9) | 3 907 (20.7) |
| No | 6 531 (92.8) | 18 597 (95.1) | 14 450 (76.4) |
| Injection drug use | |||
| Yes | 8 (0.1) | 38 (0.2) | 573 (3.0) |
| No | 6 777 (96.3) | 19 148 (97.9) | 17 753 (93.9) |
| Noninjection drug use | |||
| Yes | 56 (0.8) | 141 (0.7) | 1 587 (8.4) |
| No | 6 708 (95.3) | 19 012 (97.2) | 16 686 (88.3) |
| Previous TB diagnosis | |||
| Yes | 473 (6.7) | 1 233 (6.3) | 1 010 (5.3) |
| No | 6 499 (92.3) | 18 133 (92.7) | 17 751 (93.9) |
Note. API = Asian/Pacific Islander; DOT = directly observed therapy; INH = isoniazid; NA = not applicable; RIF = rifampin.
Median age of entry into the United States was age 37 years for Filippinos, and age 31 years for other APIs.
Analysis limited to TB patients with abnormal X-ray results: Filipinos (n = 5 780); other APIs (n = 14 895); US-born non-Hispanic Whites (n = 16 251); patients with these data unknown or missing were not included.
Analysis limited to culture-positive TB patients with isolates that had susceptibility testing performed: Filipinos (n = 5 520); other APIs (n = 15 591); US-born non-Hispanic Whites (n = 14 448); patients with these data unknown or missing were not included.
Analysis limited to patients registered in the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System from 2000 to 2005 who were alive at diagnosis and started drug therapy: Filipinos (n = 6 341); other APIs (n = 17 327); US-born non-Hispanic Whites (n = 16 852); patients with these data unknown or missing were not included.
Analysis limited to patients who were alive at diagnosis: Filipinos (n = 6 392); other APIs (n = 17 482); US-born non-Hispanic Whites (n = 16 964); patients with these data unknown or missing were not included.
Analysis limited to patients registered in the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System from all states excluding California and Vermont: Filipinos (n = 2 979); other APIs (n = 10 769); US-born non-Hispanic Whites (n = 15 532); patients with these data unknown or missing were not included.
Patients aged younger than 16 years or older than 65 years included in analysis as a separate group, not eligible for employment (results not shown).