TABLE 2.
Comparison of Demographic, Clinical, and Risk Factor Characteristics of Tuberculosis (TB) Patients, by Birth Country and Ethnicity: United States, 2000–2007
| Foreign-Born Filipinos (n = 7 038), No. (%) | US-Born Non-Hispanic Whites (n = 18 907), No. (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age at diagnosis, y | |||
| > 44 | 4306 (61.2) | 14 042 (74.3) | 0.55 (0.51, 0.58) |
| ≤ 44 (Ref) | 2731 (38.8) | 4 862 (25.7) | 1.00 |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 3250 (46.2) | 6 174 (32.7) | 1.77 (1.67, 1.87) |
| Male (Ref) | 3787 (53.8) | 12 729 (67.3) | 1.00 |
| Mortality at diagnosis | |||
| Deceased | 68 (1.0) | 763 (4.0) | 0.23 (0.18, 0.30) |
| Living (Ref) | 6969 (99.0) | 18 136 (95.9) | 1.00 |
| Type of TB disease | |||
| Extrapulmonary | 1380 (19.6) | 2 655 (14.0) | 1.50 (1.39, 1.61) |
| Extrapulmonary and pulmonary | 415 (5.9) | 1 140 (6.0) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) |
| Pulmonary (Ref) | 5241 (74.5) | 15 101 (79.9) | 1.00 |
| Chest radiograph result | |||
| Abnormal | 5946 (84.5) | 16 919 (89.5) | 0.54 (0.49, 0.58) |
| Normal (Ref) | 964 (13.7) | 1 468 (7.8) | 1.00 |
| Cavitation on chest radiographa | |||
| Cavitary | 1214 (20.8) | 4 811 (29.0) | 0.63 (0.59, 0.68) |
| Noncavitary, consistent with TB (Ref) | 4312 (73.7) | 10 138 (61.2) | 1.00b |
| Noncavitary, not consistent with TB (Ref) | 254 (4.3) | 1 302 (7.9) | 1.00b |
| Drug resistancec | |||
| INH monoresistance | 718 (13.0) | 511 (3.5) | 4.13 (3.67, 4.66) |
| RIF monoresistance | 10 (0.2) | 52 (0.4) | 0.57 (0.27, 1.15) |
| INH and RIF resistance (multidrug resistance) | 92 (1.7) | 59 (0.4) | 4.59 (3.26, 6.46) |
| Susceptible to INH and RIF (Ref) | 4700 (85.1) | 13 826 (95.7) | 1.00 |
| Sputum smear test | |||
| Positive | 2009 (28.6) | 7 188 (38.0) | 0.53 (0.50, 0.57) |
| Not done | 1196 (17.0) | 4 354 (23.0) | 0.65 (0.60, 0.70) |
| Negative (Ref) | 3809 (54.1) | 7 282 (38.5) | 1.00 |
| Therapyd | |||
| Any DOT | 4848 (70.2) | 13 876 (77.1) | 0.70 (0.65, 0.75) |
| Self-therapy style (Ref) | 1493 (21.6) | 2 976 (16.6) | 1.00 |
| Outcomed | |||
| Died | 306 (4.4) | 2 081 (11.6) | 0.36 (0.32, 0.41) |
| Lost | 73 (1.1) | 214 (1.2) | 0.85 (0.64, 1.11) |
| Moved | 270 (3.9) | 161 (0.9) | 4.16 (3.40, 5.09) |
| Completed (Ref) | 5563 (80.5) | 13 796 (76.7) | 1.00 |
| Provider typee | |||
| Private | 1848 (26.5) | 3 971 (21.9) | 1.33 (1.25, 1.42) |
| Public (Ref) | 4544 (65.3) | 12 993 (71.6) | 1.00 |
| HIV statusf | |||
| Positive | 27 (0.8) | 796 (4.8) | 0.17 (0.11, 0.25) |
| Refused | 295 (9.0) | 1 783 (10.7) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.92) |
| Not offered | 751 (23.0) | 3 665 (22.0) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) |
| Negative (Ref) | 1906 (58.4) | 9 288 (55.7) | 1.00 |
| Homeless in past 12 mo | |||
| Yes | 48 (0.7) | 1 864 (9.9) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) |
| No (Ref) | 6938 (98.6) | 16 882 (89.3) | 1.00 |
| Resident of correctional facility | |||
| Yes | 18 (0.3) | 606 (3.2) | 0.08 (0.05, 0.13) |
| No (Ref) | 7010 (99.6) | 18 280 (96.7) | 1.00 |
| Resident of long-term health care facility | |||
| Yes | 82 (1.2) | 1 116 (5.9) | 0.19 (0.15, 0.24) |
| No (Ref) | 6944 (98.7) | 17 763 (93.9) | 1.00 |
| Occupation in past 24 mog | |||
| Health care worker | 647 (9.2) | 460 (2.4) | 2.98 (2.62, 3.39) |
| Migrant worker | 14 (0.2) | 14 (0.1) | 2.12 (0.95, 4.71) |
| Unemployed | 1748 (24.8) | 5 055 (26.7) | 0.84 (0.81, 0.88) |
| Other employment (Ref) | 2589 (36.8) | 5 485 (29.0) | 1.00 |
| Excessive alcohol use | |||
| Yes | 273 (3.9) | 3 907 (20.7) | 0.15 (0.14, 0.18) |
| No (Ref) | 6531 (92.8) | 14 450 (76.4) | 1.00 |
| Injection drug use | |||
| Yes | 8 (0.1) | 573 (3.0) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.08) |
| No (Ref) | 6777 (96.3) | 17 753 (93.9) | 1.00 |
| Noninjection drug use | |||
| Yes | 56 (0.8) | 1 587 (8.4) | 0.09 (0.07, 0.12) |
| No (Ref) | 6708 (95.3) | 16 686 (88.3) | 1.00 |
| Previous TB diagnosis | |||
| Yes | 473 (6.7) | 1 010 (5.3) | 1.28 (1.14, 1.43) |
| No (Ref) | 6499 (92.3) | 1 7751 (93.9) | 1.00 |
Note. CI = confidence interval; DOT = directly observed therapy; INH = isoniazid; OR = odds ratio; RIF = rifampin. Unknown and missing data categories were included in analyses if they composed more than 3% of the total (results not shown).
Analysis limited to TB patients with abnormal X-ray results: Filipinos (n = 5 780); US-born non-Hispanic Whites (n = 16 251); patients with these data unknown or missing were not included.
We pooled noncavitary, consistent with TB and noncavitary, not consistent with TB to compose the referent group.
Analysis limited to culture-positive TB patients with isolates that had susceptibility testing performed: Filipinos (n = 5 520); US-born non-Hispanic Whites (n = 14 448); patients with these data unknown or missing data not included.
Analysis limited to patients registered in the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System from 2000 to 2005 who were alive at diagnosis and started drug therapy: Filipinos (n = 6 341); US-born non-Hispanic Whites (n = 16 852); patients with these data unknown or missing data not included.
Analysis limited to patients who were alive at diagnosis: Filipinos (n = 6 392); US-born non-Hispanic Whites (n = 16 964); patients with these data unknown or missing data not included.
Analysis limited to patients registered in the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System from all states excluding California and Vermont: Filipinos (n = 2 979); US-born non-Hispanic Whites (n = 15 532); patients with these data unknown or missing data not included.
Patients aged younger than 16 years or older than 65 years included in analysis as a separate group, not eligible for employment (results not shown).