Optimizing the ratio and lengths of frameshift-inducing RNA oligonucleotides. (a) An amount of 0.05 pmol of SF468 mRNA were mixed with 0.05, 0.25, 1.25, 6.25 and 31.25 pmol of RNA6 and RNA9 oligonucleotides, respectively. Mixtures were subsequently translated in the presence of 35S-methionine and the labeled proteins were examined by 13% SDS–PAGE. Frameshift efficiencies [FS (%)] were calculated after quantification and correction of in-frame and frameshifted product. (b) A total of 625 M excess of different lengths of RNA oligos (RNA6, 9, 12, 15, 18, respectively) and control without added oligonucleotide were mixed with 0.05 pmol of SF468 mRNA. Mixtures were translated and examined by 13% SDS–PAGE. In-frame and frameshifted protein products are indicated by NFS and FS, respectively. Frameshifting efficiency [FS (%)] and standard deviation (SD) of three independent duplicate assays are indicated below each lane.