Table 1.

Laser parameters used in previous chromosome studies

Laser type	Nd:YAG	Excimer pumped dye laser	PALM microlaser system		Nd:YVO4		Nd: YAG	Fs Ti: sapphire NIR
Wavelength (nm)	266	340	337	355	532		1064	800	800	780
Pulse width	5.7 ns	17 ns	4 ns	2 ns	12 ns	12 ps	100 ps	170 fs	200 fs	200 fs
Repetition rate	10 Hz	10 Hz	60 Hz	100 Hz	20 KHz	76 MHz	70 MHz	80 MHz	76 MHz	76 MHz
Objective Mag./N.A.	×100/1.25 NA	×100/0.85 NA	×100/1.2 NA	×100/1.3 NA	×63/1.4 NA	×63/1.4 NA	×63/1.4 NA	×100/1.3 NA	×63/1.4 NA	×63/1.4 NA
Spot diameter (µm)	0.26	0.49	0.32	0.33	0.46	0.46	0.93	0.75	0.70	0.68
Energy/pulse	9 nJ	NA	0.7 uJ	6.75 uJ	377 nJ	0.098 nJ	0.0071 nJ	0.19 nJ	0.13 nJ	0.28 nJ, 0.41 nJ
Number of pulses	1	NA	∼360	NA	200	2.28 × 107	2.1–4.2 × 109	1.04–800 × 105	6.54 × 106	7.6 × 105
Total energy delivered	9 nJ	NA	∼252 uJ	NA	75.4 uJ	2234.4 µJ	15–30 J	19.5–15 000 uJ	850 uJ	210 uJ, 310 uJ
Peak irradiance (W/cm2)	2.98 × 109	NA	6.36 × 1011	NA	1.86 × 1010	4.84 × 109	1.02–1.27 × 107	2.49 × 1011	1.72 × 1011	3.81 × 1011, 5.62 × 1011
Reference	43	44	45	46	This study	Personal communication	47	48	13	This study

References (44,45,48) were carried out on extracted chromosomes. NA = not available.