Figure 1.

Two models of RIN 4-dependent HopF2_Pto action. In Model 1 HopF2_Pto directly binds and modifies RIN 4 and this RIN 4-modification directly promotes bacterial virulence. In Model 2, HopF2_Pto uses RIN 4 as a scaffold to modify RIN 4-associated proteins (hypothetical proteins X and Y) to promote bacterial virulence. Both RIN 4 and HopF2_Pto are membrane localized by prenylation and myristoylation, respectively.²⁴,²⁶