TABLE 3.
Type 2 diabetes by omega-3 fatty acids1
| Type of omega-3 | No. of cases | Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 |
| α-Linolenic acid | ||||
| Q1 (0.79 g/d) | 468 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Q2 (0.96 g/d) | 424 | 0.95 (0.83,1.08)2 | 0.94 (0.83,1.08) | 0.94 (0.82,1.09) |
| Q3 (1.11 g/d) | 470 | 1.00 (0.88,1.14) | 0.99 (0.87,1.12) | 0.98 (0.85,1.14) |
| Q4 (1.29 g/d) | 505 | 1.09 (0.96,1.24) | 1.01 (0.89,1.15) | 1.00 (0.86,1.17) |
| Q5 (1.59 g/d) | 503 | 1.09 (0.96,1.23) | 0.96 (0.85,1.09) | 1.01 (0.85,1.21) |
| P for trend | — | 0.04 | 0.86 | 0.67 |
| Eicosapentaenoic acid | ||||
| Q1 (0.01 g/d) | 450 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Q2 (0.02 g/d) | 370 | 1.04 (0.90,1.19) | 1.07 (0.93,1.22) | 1.08 (0.94,1.24) |
| Q3 (0.03 g/d) | 646 | 1.12 (0.99,1.26) | 1.20 (1.06,1.35) | 1.25 (1.11,1.42) |
| Q4 (0.08 g/d) | 447 | 1.08 (0.95,1.24) | 1.26 (1.11,1.44) | 1.30 (1.13,1.49) |
| Q5 (0.12 g/d) | 457 | 1.07 (0.94,1.21) | 1.26 (1.10,1.44) | 1.38 (1.21,1.59) |
| P for trend | — | 0.57 | 0.0005 | <0.0001 |
| Docosahexaenoic acid | ||||
| Q1 (0.04 g/d) | 400 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Q2 (0.09 g/d) | 524 | 1.13 (1.00,1.29) | 1.19 (1.04,1.35) | 1.21 (1.06,1.38) |
| Q3 (0.12 g/d) | 424 | 1.09 (0.95,1.25) | 1.16 (1.01,1.33) | 1.21 (1.06,1.39) |
| Q4 (0.17 g/d) | 481 | 1.21 (1.06,1.38) | 1.36 (1.19,1.56) | 1.46 (1.28,1.68) |
| Q5 (0.17 g/d) | 541 | 1.25 (1.10,1.43) | 1.35 (1.19,1.54) | 1.52 (1.33,1.75) |
| P for trend | — | 0.0005 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Total marine omega-3 | ||||
| Q1 (0.07 g/d) | 419 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Q2 (0.13 g/d) | 521 | 1.10 (0.97,1.26) | 1.15 (1.02,1.31) | 1.17 (1.03,1.33) |
| Q3 (0.18 g/d) | 428 | 1.09 (0.95,1.25) | 1.14 (1.00,1.31) | 1.20 (1.05,1.38) |
| Q4 (0.28 g/d) | 514 | 1.19 (1.05,1.35) | 1.37 (1.20,1.56) | 1.46 (1.28,1.66) |
| Q5 (0.43 g/d) | 488 | 1.17 (1.03,1.33) | 1.29 (1.13,1.47) | 1.44 (1.25,1.65) |
| P for trend | — | 0.015 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Q, quintile. Model 1 was adjusted for age, BMI, parental history of diabetes, smoking (never, former, or current), exercise (quintiles of metabolic equivalent task hours per week), alcohol intake (4 categories), and menopausal status (not sure or pre- or postmenopausal) by using Cox proportional hazard models. Model 2 was adjusted for age, BMI, parental history of diabetes, smoking (never, former, or current), exercise (quintiles of metabolic equivalent task hours per week), alcohol intake (4 categories), menopausal status (not sure or pre- or postmenopausal), red-meat intake, and quintiles of energy intake, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, dietary magnesium, trans fat, saturated fat, cereal fiber, and glycemic index by using Cox proportional hazard models.
Hazard ratio; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).